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Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine. --- Erythroblastosis, Fetal --- Hydrops Fetalis --- Rh Isoimmunization --- Pregnancy Outcome. --- Fetal Transfusion --- Intrauterine Transfusion --- Blood Transfusions, Intrauterine --- Fetal Transfusions --- Intrauterine Blood Transfusion --- Intrauterine Blood Transfusions --- Intrauterine Transfusions --- Transfusion, Fetal --- Transfusion, Intrauterine --- Transfusion, Intrauterine Blood --- Transfusions, Fetal --- Transfusions, Intrauterine --- Transfusions, Intrauterine Blood --- Outcome, Pregnancy --- Outcomes, Pregnancy --- Pregnancy Outcomes --- Fetal Death --- therapy. --- physiopathology. --- Theses --- Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine --- Pregnancy Outcome --- therapy --- physiopathology

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In this Special Issue, we focus on maternal docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3 (DHA), and arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6 (ARA), on children’s neurodevelopment. During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, both DHA and ARA are preferentially deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural–functional roles, and their levels in the signaling pathways of the brain have been continuously studied. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanistic cross talks are not yet clearly known. Recent data suggest that there may be a need for a balanced proportion of ARA and DHA in infant formula due to their complementary benefits. This review describes the importance of ARA in addition to DHA to support optimal brain development and growth in an infant, and functional roles in the brain.

Medicine --- maternal supplementation --- pregnancy --- lactation --- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- neurodevelopment --- randomized controlled trial (RCT) --- India --- DHA --- brain --- MFSD2a --- SPM --- fetus --- placenta --- infant --- neurogenesis --- pre-term --- docosahexaenoic acid --- supplementation --- egg yolk --- microalgae --- long chain omega-3 fatty acids --- pregnancy outcomes --- anthropometry --- birth weight --- birth length --- head circumference --- arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 --- docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 --- maternal diet --- cognitive --- infants --- maternal supplementation --- pregnancy --- lactation --- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- neurodevelopment --- randomized controlled trial (RCT) --- India --- DHA --- brain --- MFSD2a --- SPM --- fetus --- placenta --- infant --- neurogenesis --- pre-term --- docosahexaenoic acid --- supplementation --- egg yolk --- microalgae --- long chain omega-3 fatty acids --- pregnancy outcomes --- anthropometry --- birth weight --- birth length --- head circumference --- arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 --- docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 --- maternal diet --- cognitive --- infants

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common adverse medical conditions that occurs during pregnancy, and its prevalence is rising as part of a diabetes pandemic. Nutrition plays a key role in GDM, whether (1) as part of an ‘unhealthy’ diet, which contributes to its cause, or (2) as part of changes in dietary intake, which act as the frontline treatment for GDM (sometimes supplemented with exercise and pharmacological intervention). Dietary changes, therefore, can alter the risk of developing GDM in the first place, and once GDM has emerged during pregnancy, dietary changes can mitigate the risk of developing GDM-related complications, such as macrosomia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia and jaundice in the neonate, pre eclampsia, increased need for caesarean section and placental abruption in the mother. In this Special Issue, we aim to highlight the role of nutrition in the aetiology of GDM, whether directly or indirectly through weight gain and obesity, and in its role as a GDM treatment to lower hyperglycemia and the risk of the aforementioned complications.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- microbiome --- pregnancy --- obesity --- ketonuria --- Roseburia --- diet --- food frequency questionnaire --- glucose --- insulin secretion --- human milk --- breastfeeding --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus --- preterm newborn --- gestational diabetes --- dietary patterns --- maternal nutrition --- dietary adaptations --- glycemic index --- postprandial glycemic response --- blood glucose prediction --- diabetes --- gestational weight gain --- macrosomia --- adiposity --- neonate --- exercise --- physical activity --- dietary carbohydrates --- diabetes-specific formula --- continuous glucose monitoring --- glycemic variability --- carbohydrate distribution --- mean amplitude of glucose --- breakfast diet --- platelet-activating factor --- tumor necrosis factor α --- methylglyoxal --- glycated albumin --- endocrine disruptors --- endocrine-disrupting chemicals --- bisphenol A --- BPA --- phthalates --- pregnancy outcomes --- eating speed --- cohort study --- prevention --- nutrition --- polyphenolic compounds --- bioactive compounds --- leptin resistance --- inflammation --- Mediterranean diet --- microbiome --- pregnancy --- obesity --- ketonuria --- Roseburia --- diet --- food frequency questionnaire --- glucose --- insulin secretion --- human milk --- breastfeeding --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus --- preterm newborn --- gestational diabetes --- dietary patterns --- maternal nutrition --- dietary adaptations --- glycemic index --- postprandial glycemic response --- blood glucose prediction --- diabetes --- gestational weight gain --- macrosomia --- adiposity --- neonate --- exercise --- physical activity --- dietary carbohydrates --- diabetes-specific formula --- continuous glucose monitoring --- glycemic variability --- carbohydrate distribution --- mean amplitude of glucose --- breakfast diet --- platelet-activating factor --- tumor necrosis factor α --- methylglyoxal --- glycated albumin --- endocrine disruptors --- endocrine-disrupting chemicals --- bisphenol A --- BPA --- phthalates --- pregnancy outcomes --- eating speed --- cohort study --- prevention --- nutrition --- polyphenolic compounds --- bioactive compounds --- leptin resistance --- inflammation --- Mediterranean diet

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The papers included in this issue vary from research on pregnancy outcomes to screening and diagnosis of GDM, the use of new biomarkers, and the evaluation of long-term metabolic risk and intervention strategies postpartum in mothers and offspring.

Medicine --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- treatment --- education --- group education --- long-term metabolic outcome --- offspring --- overweight --- obesity --- adiposity --- glucose intolerance --- abnormal glucose tolerance --- insulin resistance --- glucose tolerance --- Mediterranean diet --- nutritional intervention --- pregnancy nutrition --- biomarker --- insulin secretion --- pregnancy --- secretagogin --- gestational diabetes --- fetal ultrasound --- fetal anthropometry --- pregnancy outcomes --- neonatal complications --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- postpartum --- lifestyle intervention --- mobile-based --- bariatric surgery --- pregnancy outcome --- glucose homeostasis --- gastric bypass --- sleeve gastrectomy --- small-for-gestational age --- self-monitoring of blood glucose --- continuous glucose monitoring --- Institute of Medicine --- weight gain --- length of follow-up --- oral glucose tolerance test --- reproducibility --- diabetes --- hyperglycemia in pregnancy --- early gestational diabetes --- fetal malformations --- Australian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society (ADIPS) --- Australian Diabetes Society (ADS) --- COVID-19 --- pandemic --- Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZOG) --- GDM --- recurrence --- insulin sensitivity --- (early) pregnancy --- growth --- glucose --- LGA --- maternal health --- child health --- OGTT --- meal tolerance test --- postprandial --- early screening --- protein biomarker --- epidemiology --- twins --- pre-existing diabetes --- prevalence --- trends --- perinatal outcomes --- n/a

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The papers included in this issue vary from research on pregnancy outcomes to screening and diagnosis of GDM, the use of new biomarkers, and the evaluation of long-term metabolic risk and intervention strategies postpartum in mothers and offspring.

Medicine --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- treatment --- education --- group education --- long-term metabolic outcome --- offspring --- overweight --- obesity --- adiposity --- glucose intolerance --- abnormal glucose tolerance --- insulin resistance --- glucose tolerance --- Mediterranean diet --- nutritional intervention --- pregnancy nutrition --- biomarker --- insulin secretion --- pregnancy --- secretagogin --- gestational diabetes --- fetal ultrasound --- fetal anthropometry --- pregnancy outcomes --- neonatal complications --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- postpartum --- lifestyle intervention --- mobile-based --- bariatric surgery --- pregnancy outcome --- glucose homeostasis --- gastric bypass --- sleeve gastrectomy --- small-for-gestational age --- self-monitoring of blood glucose --- continuous glucose monitoring --- Institute of Medicine --- weight gain --- length of follow-up --- oral glucose tolerance test --- reproducibility --- diabetes --- hyperglycemia in pregnancy --- early gestational diabetes --- fetal malformations --- Australian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society (ADIPS) --- Australian Diabetes Society (ADS) --- COVID-19 --- pandemic --- Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZOG) --- GDM --- recurrence --- insulin sensitivity --- (early) pregnancy --- growth --- glucose --- LGA --- maternal health --- child health --- OGTT --- meal tolerance test --- postprandial --- early screening --- protein biomarker --- epidemiology --- twins --- pre-existing diabetes --- prevalence --- trends --- perinatal outcomes --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- treatment --- education --- group education --- long-term metabolic outcome --- offspring --- overweight --- obesity --- adiposity --- glucose intolerance --- abnormal glucose tolerance --- insulin resistance --- glucose tolerance --- Mediterranean diet --- nutritional intervention --- pregnancy nutrition --- biomarker --- insulin secretion --- pregnancy --- secretagogin --- gestational diabetes --- fetal ultrasound --- fetal anthropometry --- pregnancy outcomes --- neonatal complications --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- postpartum --- lifestyle intervention --- mobile-based --- bariatric surgery --- pregnancy outcome --- glucose homeostasis --- gastric bypass --- sleeve gastrectomy --- small-for-gestational age --- self-monitoring of blood glucose --- continuous glucose monitoring --- Institute of Medicine --- weight gain --- length of follow-up --- oral glucose tolerance test --- reproducibility --- diabetes --- hyperglycemia in pregnancy --- early gestational diabetes --- fetal malformations --- Australian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society (ADIPS) --- Australian Diabetes Society (ADS) --- COVID-19 --- pandemic --- Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZOG) --- GDM --- recurrence --- insulin sensitivity --- (early) pregnancy --- growth --- glucose --- LGA --- maternal health --- child health --- OGTT --- meal tolerance test --- postprandial --- early screening --- protein biomarker --- epidemiology --- twins --- pre-existing diabetes --- prevalence --- trends --- perinatal outcomes