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Policy design efforts are often hampered by an inadequate understanding of how policy tools and actions promote effective policies. This book addresses this gap by proposing a causal theory of the linkages between policy actions and policy effects. Adopting a mechanistic perspective, it identifies the causal processes that activate policy effects and help achieve policy goals. Bringing together established and emerging scholars in the field, Making Policies Work introduces new concepts of first- and second- order policy mechanisms developed from epistemological and theoretical perspectives, and considers how they can be activated through design. Theoretical concepts are explored through empirical cases from different policy arenas and contemporary policy issues such as partnerships in healthcare, food waste prevention, retirement savings, EU regulations and public sector reform. Graduate students in public policy, public administration and political science will find the powerful analytical tools offered in this book useful in exploring the theoretical elements of effective policy design. Policymakers and practitioners in governmental and non-governmental organisations interested in the practical applications will also benefit from reading this timely book.

Policy sciences. --- Policy-making --- Policymaking --- Public policy management --- Policy Change --- Policy Mechanisms --- Policy Instruments --- Public Policy Design --- Policy Implementation --- Policy Effectiveness

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The thesis deals with the question of why no international legally binding instrument for forest policy exists so far. The thesis shows that the problem definition presents a form of control for the decision making process and for the problem solution. Therefore, it is demonstrated how locations, reports and non-human objects are related to the development of international forest policy within United Nations. In the development of international forest policy, the policy problem was framed as "deforestation and degradation of tropical forests". In the second phase of policy formulation, the "deforestation and degradation of all forests" moves to the centre of interests. The thesis analyses furthermore the formation of meaning of the policy narratives that are intertwined with international forest policy. The identification of global environmental discourses that transfer a certain kind of meaning of policy and of problem solution, that operate with discursive practices and technologies of power, and that use retorical devices, allows to show which rules and practices influence how natural resource policy arises. In this way it can be shown how policy problems come into being and how they are understood. Furthermore, it allows identifying policy change in a non-decision-making process. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage warum kein international rechtlich verbindliches Instrument zur Frage der Waldpolitik verabschiedet wurde. Sie zeigt wie die Definition des Politikproblems eine Form der Kontrolle für den Entscheidungsfindungsprozess und die damit verbundene Problemlösung darstellt. Folglich wird demonstriert wie Orte, Berichte und nicht-menschliche Objekte mit der Entstehung der internationalen Waldpolitik im Rahmen der Vereinten Nationen verbunden sind. Während in der Entstehungsphase der internationalen Waldpolitik das eigentliche Politikproblem als "Entwaldung und Degradierung des Tropenwaldes" verstanden wird, rückt in der zweiten Phase der Politikformulierung die "Entwaldung und Degradierung aller Wälder" in den Blickpunkt des internationalen Interesses. Weiters legt die Arbeit die bedeutungsbildenden Elemente der Policy-Narrative, die mit der internationalen Waldpolitik verwoben sind, offen. Die Identifikation von globalen Umweltdiskursen, die ein bestimmtes Politik- bzw. Problemlösungsverständnis transportieren, die mittels diskursiver Praktiken und Machttechnologien operieren und die rhetorische Mittel - wie z.B. die apokalyptische Vorstellung der Übernutzung - zum Einsatz bringen, erlaubt zu erkennen, welche Regeln und Praktiken sich auf die Art und Weise, wie die Politik der natürlichen Ressourcen entsteht, auswirken. Sie zeigt, wie Policy-Probleme entstehen und wie sie verstanden werden und erlaubt Policy-Wandel, der sich in einer Nicht-Entscheidung vollzieht, zu identifizieren. Der Rolle der Sprache wird folglich besondere Aufmerksamkeit zuteil.

Forest conservation --- Forest management --- Forest conservation --- international forest policy --- deforestation and degradation of tropical forests --- global environmental discourses --- policy change in a non-decision-making process --- Politikwandel --- internationale Waldpolitik --- Nicht-Entscheidungsfindungsprozess --- Völkerrechtsinstrument --- Diskursanalyse --- Natürliche Ressource --- Vereinte Nationen --- Waldforum der Vereinten Nationen --- International cooperation. --- Political aspects. --- Political aspects. --- international forest policy --- deforestation and degradation of tropical forests --- global environmental discourses --- policy change in a non-decision-making process --- Politikwandel --- internationale Waldpolitik --- Nicht-Entscheidungsfindungsprozess --- Völkerrechtsinstrument --- Diskursanalyse --- Natürliche Ressource --- Vereinte Nationen --- Waldforum der Vereinten Nationen

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July 2000 - Poverty in the developing world will decline by roughly half by 2015 if current growth trends and policies persist. But a disproportionate share of poverty reduction will occur in East and South Asia, poverty will decline only slightly in Sub-Saharan Africa, and it will increase in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. What can be done to change this picture? More effective development aid could greatly improve poverty reduction in the areas where poverty reduction is expected to lag: Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Even more potent would be significant policy reform in the countries themselves. Collier and Dollar develop a model of efficient aid in which the total volume of aid is endogenous. In particular, aid flows respond to policy improvements that create a better environment for poverty reduction and effective use of aid. They use the model to investigate scenarios-of policy reform, of more efficient aid, and of greater volumes of aid-that point the way to how the world could cut poverty in half in every major region. The fact that aid increases the benefits of reform suggests that a high level of aid to strong reformers may increase the likelihood of sustained good policy (an idea ratified in several recent case studies of low-income reformers). Collier and Dollar find that the world is not operating on the efficiency frontier. With the same level of concern, much more poverty reduction could be achieved by allocating aid on the basis of how poor countries are as well as on the basis of the quality of their policies. Global poverty reduction requires a partnership in which third world countries and governments improve economic policy while first world citizens and governments show concern about poverty and translate that concern into effective assistance. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to study aid effectiveness. The authors may be contacted at pcollier@worldbank.org or ddollar@worldbank.org

Developing Countries --- Development Assistance --- Development Goals --- Economic Policies --- Global Poverty --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Incidence Of Poverty --- Large Populations --- Low-Income Countries --- Policies --- Policy --- Policy Change --- Population --- Population Growth --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Purchasing Power --- Purchasing Power Parity --- Respect --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Significant Policy --- Workshops

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The essential guide to understanding how racism works and how racial inequality shapes black lives, ultimately offering a road-map for resistance for racial justice advocates and antiracists When #BlackLivesMatter went viral in 2013, it shed a light on the urgent, daily struggles of black Americans to combat racial injustice. The message resonated with millions across the country. Yet many of our political, social, and economic institutions are still embedded with racist policies and practices that devalue black lives. Stay Woke directly addresses these stark injustices and builds on the lessons of racial inequality and intersectionality the Black Lives Matter movement has challenged its fellow citizens to learn.In this essential primer, Tehama Lopez Bunyasi and Candis Watts Smith inspire readers to address the pressing issues of racial inequality, and provide a basic toolkit that will equip readers to become knowledgeable participants in public debate, activism, and politics. This book offers a clear vision of a racially just society, and shows just how far we still need to go to achieve this reality. From activists to students to the average citizen, Stay Woke empowers all readers to work toward a better future for black Americans.

USA --- Movement for Black Lives. --- US politics. --- accessible. --- activism. --- antiracism. --- antiracist. --- civil rights movement. --- colorblind racial attitudes. --- concrete steps. --- egalitarianism. --- electoral politics. --- everyday people. --- evidence. --- freedom fighters. --- inequality. --- inspiration. --- instruction. --- intersectionality. --- local politics. --- policy change. --- postracist. --- race. --- racial disparities. --- racial progress. --- racism. --- radical change. --- reproducing racial inequity. --- resistance. --- retrenchment. --- social movements. --- state politics. --- statistics. --- toolkit.

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Ce travail de fin d’études cherche à comprendre les freins et leviers à l’inclusion de l’agroécologie dans la Politique agricole commune (PAC) à travers l’étude des acteurs du plaidoyer agroécologique durant la réforme adoptée en 2021. À partir du cadre conceptuel des trois « i » pour « institutions », « idées » et « intérêts », la méthodologie d’enquête utilisée se base sur deux piliers : (i) l’analyse des ressources en ligne -documents institutionnels, médias, documents des parties prenantes pour y trouver les mentions de l’agroécologie et (ii) des entretiens semi-directifs avec des acteurs du plaidoyer agroécologique qui ont participé à cette réforme. L’enquête met en lumière trois freins principaux à l’émergence de l’agroécologie dans la PAC de 2021 : (i) la dépendance au sentier, (ii) la domination d’un paradigme productiviste dans la PAC et (iii) le déséquilibre entre la place prédominante du syndicat agricole majoritaire dans l’attention des décideurs par rapport à celle donnée aux associations environnementales, agroécologiques et paysannes. L’enquête identifie également des leviers pour que l’agroécologie prenne une place plus importante dans la prochaine PAC : (i) la reconnaissance par la Commission européenne de l’agroécologie dans les éco-régimes, ainsi que les projets de recherche européens, (ii) le caractère fédérateur du concept d’agroécologie qui a le potentiel de construire des ponts entre représentants d’intérêts et de dépasser la polarisation du débat et (iii) l’émergence d’une représentation agricole intermédiaire entre le syndicat dominant et le syndicat minoritaire. This dissertation seeks to understand barriers and levers to the inclusion of agroecology in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) by carrying out research into agroecology advocates during the reform adopted in 2021. Using the conceptual framework of the three “i’s” for “institutions”, “ideas” and “interests”, the methodology is based on two pillars: (i) a review of online sources – institutional documents, media, position papers of stakeholders – to identify where and how agroecology is mentioned and (ii) interviews of agroecology advocates who have taken part in the 2021 reform. This approach highlights three main barriers to the development of agroecology in the CAP: (i) path dependency (ii) the domination of productivism as a paradigm in the CAP and (iii) an imbalance in policymakers’ attention between the main farmers’ union and agroecology advocates. This research also identifies levers for the better inclusion of agroecology in the next CAP: (i) recognition by the European Commission of agroecology in eco-schemes and European research projects (ii) the unifying character of the agroecology concept that has the potential to build bridges between interest representatives (iii) the prospect of an intermediary representation between the main farmers’ union and the minority union.

Politique agricole commune --- PAC --- politiques publiques --- politique européenne --- Union européenne --- changement --- inertie --- parties prenantes --- représentants d’intérêts --- lobbying --- plaidoyer --- institutionnalisme --- paradigme --- référentiel --- niche --- agroécologie --- réforme --- discours --- ONG --- associations environnementales --- science politique --- institutions --- intérêts --- idées --- policy change --- Common Agricultural Policy --- CAP --- policy --- European Union --- policymaking --- policy change --- inertia --- stakeholders --- interest representatives --- lobbying --- advocacy --- institutionalism --- paradigm --- niche --- regime --- landscape --- agroecology --- reform --- discourse --- NGOs --- environmental associations --- institutions --- interests --- ideas --- Arts & sciences humaines > Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres --- Sciences du vivant > Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres --- Sciences du vivant > Agriculture & agronomie --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences de l'environnement & écologie --- Droit, criminologie & sciences politiques > Droit européen & international --- Droit, criminologie & sciences politiques > Sciences politiques, administration publique & relations internationales --- Droit, criminologie & sciences politiques > Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres