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Le bactériophage est une entité virale bactériospécifique dont la terre représente un énorme réservoir. Depuis de nombreuses années, les propriétés de cette entité intéressent de nombreux chercheurs ce qui mènera F.W. d'Herelle à inventer la phagothérapie en 1919.Dans un premier temps, la phagothérapie intéressa le monde scientifique pour ses propriétés antibactériennes mais suite à l'apparition des antibiotiques dans les années 40, et à une compréhension plus difficile de son mécanisme et de ses différents facteurs d'influence, elle fut délaissée au sein de l'Union Européenne.Pourtant depuis quelques années, elle a fait son retour pour essayer de résoudre les difficultés que connaîtl'antibiothérapie face aux multi-résistances bactériennes. Malheureusement, ce retour se fait dans un monde où le modèle pharmaco-économique très cartésien, basé sur des molécules statiques, n'est absolument pas compatible avec ses propriétés. Le phage, résultat d'une dynamique co-évolutive dépend de facteurs biogènes et abiogènes ce qui nécessite une évolution du cadre réglementaire afin de tenir compte de ses caractéristiques et permettre ainsi sa véritable intégration au sein du monde thérapeutique.Vu les obstacles que présentent encore cette intégration via les approches standardisées de l'industrie pharmaceutique classique, l'évocation du concept « sur-mesure » par la voie des préparations magistrales nous semble, tout au moins à court terme, une possibilité plus accessible. Cette proposition, en accord avec la direction darwinienne vers laquelle se dirige la médecine moderne, ouvrirait de nouvelles voies thérapeutiques en cas d'impasse ; on pourrait ainsi élaborer des préparations spécifiquement actives sur les bactéries incriminées chez les patients concernés.Un problème persiste cependant : cette approche ne possède aucun cadre standardisé auquel elle devrait répondre pour contrôler son efficacité et sa sécurité.Mon travail discute donc la possibilité qu'ouvrent les préparations magistrales dans l'intégration durable de la phagothérapie et son concept du " sur-mesure " et propose un module d'analyse qui évaluerait la sécurité et la qualité des matières premières phagiques en jeux. A bacteriophage is a bacterio-specific viral entity of which we have an enormous reservoir on our planet. For many years, the properties of these entities have been studied by many researchers. In 1919, this led to creation of phage therapy by F.W. d’Herelle. In the early years, scientists were mainly interested in phage therapy for its antibiotic properties. Following the advent of antibiotics in the 40’s and due to a more difficult to understand mechanism and its various influence factors, phage therapy was abandoned in the European Union. In recent years, however, phage therapy has been making a comeback as a solution for antibiotic therapy facing multi-resistant bacteria. Unfortunately, this comeback is happening in a very strict pharmacoeconomic model that’s based on static molecules. A phage, being the result of co-evolutionary dynamics and being dependent of biogenic and non-biogenic factors, is not compatible at all with the current pharmacoeconomic model, so a change in regulatory framework is required to take into account all of the phage’ characteristics and allow for its true integration in the therapeutic world. Given the obstacles encountered for this integration using the standardized approaches of the classic pharmaceutical industry, a tailor-made concept by way of compounding seems, at least in the short term, a more realizable option. This proposal, which is in agreement with the Darwinian approach of modern medicine, could offer therapeutic alternatives in case of a deadlock. One could develop preparations acting on specific bacteria for an affected patient. A problem however remains : the proposal mentioned above has no standardized framework to which it should respond to control its effectiveness and safety. This work discusses the possibility that compounded drug could offer in the sustainable integration of phage therapy and also proposes an analysis module that assesses the safety and quality of raw phage materials.

Anti-Bacterial Agents --- Phage Therapy

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Viruses infect numerous microorganisms including, predominantly, Bacteria (bacteriophages or phages) but also Archaea, Protists, and Fungi. They are the most abundant and ubiquitous biological entities on Earth and are important drivers of ecosystem functioning. Little is known, however, about the vast majority of these viruses of microorganisms, or VoMs. Modern techniques such as metagenomics have enabled the discovery and description of more presumptive VoMs than ever before, but also have exposed gaps in our understanding of VoM ecology. Exploring the ecology of these viruses – which is how they interact with host organisms, the abiotic environment, larger organisms, and even other viruses across a variety of environments and conditions – is the next frontier. Integration of a growing molecular understanding of VoMs with ecological studies will expand our knowledge of ecosystem dynamics. Ecology can be studied at multiple levels including individual organisms, populations, communities, whole ecosystems, and the entire biosphere. Ecology additionally can consider normal, equilibrium conditions or instead perturbations. Perturbations are of particular interest because measuring the effect of disturbances on VoM-associated communities provides important windows into how VoMs contribute to ecosystem dynamics. These disturbances in turn can be studied through in vitro, in vivo, and in situ experimentation, measuring responses by VoM-associated communities to changes in nutrient availability, stress, physical disruption, seasonality, etc., and could apply to studies at all ecological levels. These are considered here across diverse systems and environments.

Viruses --- Microorganisms. --- metaviromes --- environmental disturbance --- phage ecology --- bacteriophages --- phage therapy --- aquatic microbiology --- evolution --- microarrays --- Ecology. --- metaviromes --- environmental disturbance --- phage ecology --- bacteriophages --- phage therapy --- aquatic microbiology --- evolution --- microarrays

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Viruses infect numerous microorganisms including, predominantly, Bacteria (bacteriophages or phages) but also Archaea, Protists, and Fungi. They are the most abundant and ubiquitous biological entities on Earth and are important drivers of ecosystem functioning. Little is known, however, about the vast majority of these viruses of microorganisms, or VoMs. Modern techniques such as metagenomics have enabled the discovery and description of more presumptive VoMs than ever before, but also have exposed gaps in our understanding of VoM ecology. Exploring the ecology of these viruses – which is how they interact with host organisms, the abiotic environment, larger organisms, and even other viruses across a variety of environments and conditions – is the next frontier. Integration of a growing molecular understanding of VoMs with ecological studies will expand our knowledge of ecosystem dynamics. Ecology can be studied at multiple levels including individual organisms, populations, communities, whole ecosystems, and the entire biosphere. Ecology additionally can consider normal, equilibrium conditions or instead perturbations. Perturbations are of particular interest because measuring the effect of disturbances on VoM-associated communities provides important windows into how VoMs contribute to ecosystem dynamics. These disturbances in turn can be studied through in vitro, in vivo, and in situ experimentation, measuring responses by VoM-associated communities to changes in nutrient availability, stress, physical disruption, seasonality, etc., and could apply to studies at all ecological levels. These are considered here across diverse systems and environments.

Viruses --- Microorganisms. --- Ecology. --- metaviromes --- environmental disturbance --- phage ecology --- bacteriophages --- phage therapy --- aquatic microbiology --- evolution --- microarrays

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"This volume details the experimental approaches suitable for isolating and characterizing bacteriophages to formulating bacteriophage medicinal products and clinical application. Chapters guide readers through regulatory compliance and safety aspects of bacteriophage therapy. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Bacteriophage Therapy: From Lab to Clinical Practice aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field."--Cover.

Bacteriophages --- Phage Therapy --- Bacterial Infections --- Bacterial Infections --- Safety Management. --- Phagothérapie. --- Maladies bactériennes --- Maladies bactériennes --- microbiology. --- therapy. --- Microbiologie --- Thérapeutique

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Cattle. --- Mastitis, Bovine. --- Staphylococcal Infections --- Phage Therapy --- Methicillin Resistance. --- Drug Resistance, Bacterial. --- Vaches laitières --- Mammite chez les animaux --- Phagothérapie --- Staphylococcies --- Résistance aux antibiotiques --- Méticilline --- veterinary. --- veterinary. --- Maladies. --- Chez les animaux. --- Chez les animaux.