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Cyanobacteria are a group of ubiquitous photosynthetic prokaryotes. Their occurrence has been increasing worldwide, due to anthropogenic activities and climate change. Several cyanobacterial species are able to synthesize a high number of bioactive molecules, among them, cyanotoxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, nodularin, etc.), which are considered a health concern. For risk assessment of cyanotoxins, more scientific knowledge is required to perform adequate hazard characterization, exposure evaluation and, finally, risk characterization of these toxins. This Special Issue “Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins: New Advances and Future Challenges” presents new research or review articles related to different aspects of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, and contributes to providing new toxicological data and methods for a more realistic risk assessment.

method validation --- sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) --- arctic --- Cylindrospermopsin --- Microcystin-LR --- 16S rRNA gene --- astaxanthin --- secondary metabolites --- shotgun metagenomic sequencing --- time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay --- Histopathological evaluation --- cyanobacterial thresholds --- akinetes --- nutrient enrichment --- benthic mats --- cylindrospermopsin --- drinking water treatment plant --- blue-green algae supplements --- lettuce --- genotoxicity --- exposure --- bacterial community --- PCR --- microcystin-LR --- marine natural compounds --- ELISA --- [d-Leu1]Microcystin-LR --- Paracentrotus lividus --- tadpoles --- apoptosis --- 16S rRNA gene sequencing --- PSP toxins --- marine cyanobacteria --- hemolytic essay --- energy budget --- bioassays --- anatoxin-a --- Lithobates catesbeianus --- mixture --- reproductive toxicity --- cyanobacteria --- taste-and-odor compounds --- Procambarus clarkii --- drinking water --- saxitoxin --- resveratrol --- harmful algal blooms --- cytotoxicity --- phylogenetic analyses --- Yangtze estuary --- microcystin --- mutagenicity --- detection --- Artemia salina --- water source --- cyanotoxins --- microcystins --- in vitro --- marine sponges --- microcystin-LR (MC-LR) --- UPLC-MS/MS --- reservoir --- microbial metabolisms --- Aphanizomenon flos-aquae --- monoclonal antibody --- oxidative stress --- Nostocales