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Demography --- -Macroeconomic policy --- -Economic aspects --- -Demography --- -Economic aspects -

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European Central Bank --- European Central Bank. --- Macroeconomic policy --- Macroeconomic policy --- Monetary policy --- Monetary policy --- Electronic information resources. --- Electronic information resources --- Electronic information resources

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Financial crises --- Unemployment --- -Economic policy --- Macroeconomic policy --- Effect of inflation on

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The UK construction planning system is overly stringent and the localized and discretionary system of decision-making makes it highly unpredictable. It hinders new construction (both residential and commercial) and infrastructure projects, restricting labor mobility (as workers stay trapped in suboptimal jobs due to unaffordable housing in areas with better prospects). It also raises investment costs for businesses, who often endure long and uncertain wait times or are forced to relocate to suboptimal locations. International and domestic experience suggests that a concerted overhaul of the system is needed, focusing on systemic reforms that reduce discretionary decision-making in granting permissions. While this is politically difficult, tangible progress is possible around a few key areas: (i) broader geographic and rules-based decision-making for business and large residential developments to reduce uncertainty for investors; (ii) digitalized and standardized plans at the local level which are, additionally, binding for designated growth areas; (iii) careful review of scope to release Green Belt land of little environmental or amenity value near stations with easy access to major cities; and (iv) targeted incentives (to overcome new builds resistance) and resources to local authorities (including skilled staff to facilitate compliance with new environmental requirements).

Institutions and the Macroeconomy --- Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: General --- Planning Models --- Planning Policy --- Real Estate Law --- United Kingdom

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On the occasion of the World Bank-IMF Annual Meetings’ return to the African continent after 50 years—specifically to Marrakech, Morocco—this Special Issue on Africa discusses economic developments for the entire continent. After four years of crises and at the close of another difficult year, recent events, including the devastating earthquake in Morocco, severe floods in Libya, and the impact of Cyclone Freddy in Malawi, have underscored the continent’s ongoing vulnerability to natural disasters and the need to build resilience. In the near term, there are tentative signs that the outlook in many countries in Africa is improving. Inflation is generally easing, economic activity is starting to pick up, and fiscal imbalances are gradually moderating. However, significant challenges remain, and it is too early to celebrate. For too many countries, inflation is still too high, debt vulnerabilities remain elevated, and medium-term growth rates are too low. Recent episodes of political instability also underscore the fragility of conflict-affected states. Against this background, Africa’s policymakers should prioritize efforts to boost resilience by ensuring macroeconomic stability and accel-erating structural reforms to foster stronger, more inclusive growth. The international community should maintain and enhance a cooperative approach to the provision of global public goods. In the case of Africa, it is essential to support the region’s most vulnerable climate- and conflict-affected states.

Climate --- Deflation --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economic development --- Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth --- Economic forecasting --- Economic growth --- Environment --- Global Warming --- Inflation --- International Economics --- International organization --- Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: General --- Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: Other --- Macroeconomics --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Natural Disasters --- Natural disasters --- Price Level --- Prices --- Regional economics