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The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine kinase, is a central regulator for human physiological activity. Deregulated mTOR signaling is implicated in a variety of disorders, such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. The papers published in this Special Issue summarize the current understanding of the mTOR pathway and its role in the regulation of tissue regeneration, regulatory T cell differentiation and function, and different types of cancer including hematologic malignancies, skin, prostate, breast, and head and neck cancer. The findings highlight that targeting mTOR pathway is a promising strategy to fight against certain human diseases.

Medicine --- mTOR --- histone deacetylase --- prostate cancer --- integrins --- adhesion --- invasion --- cell metabolism --- T cells --- Foxp3 --- Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia --- targeted therapy --- metabolism --- cell signalling --- mTOR signalling --- head and neck cancer --- mutant genes --- biomarkers --- targeted therapies --- clinical trials --- cancers --- inhibitors --- photodynamic therapy --- PI3K --- Akt --- skin cancers --- phytochemicals --- melanoma --- basal cell carcinoma --- squamous cell carcinoma --- Merkel cell carcinoma --- TNBC --- eribulin --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR --- everolimus --- combination --- synergy --- mTOR signaling --- tissue regeneration --- neuron --- muscle --- liver --- intestine --- hematologic malignancies --- regulatory T cells --- tumor --- mTOR --- histone deacetylase --- prostate cancer --- integrins --- adhesion --- invasion --- cell metabolism --- T cells --- Foxp3 --- Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia --- targeted therapy --- metabolism --- cell signalling --- mTOR signalling --- head and neck cancer --- mutant genes --- biomarkers --- targeted therapies --- clinical trials --- cancers --- inhibitors --- photodynamic therapy --- PI3K --- Akt --- skin cancers --- phytochemicals --- melanoma --- basal cell carcinoma --- squamous cell carcinoma --- Merkel cell carcinoma --- TNBC --- eribulin --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR --- everolimus --- combination --- synergy --- mTOR signaling --- tissue regeneration --- neuron --- muscle --- liver --- intestine --- hematologic malignancies --- regulatory T cells --- tumor

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The plant-derived polyphenol curcumin has been used in promoting health and combating disease for thousands of years. Its therapeutic effects have been successfully utilized in Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicine in order to treat inflammatory diseases. Current results from modern biomolecular research reveal the modulatory effects of curcumin on a variety of signal transduction pathways associated with inflammation and cancer. In this context, curcumin’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic, and even anti-metastatic activities are discussed. On the cellular level, the reduced activity of several transcription factors (such as NFkB or AP-1) and the suppression of inflammatory cytokines, matrix degrading enzymes, metastasis related genes and even microRNAs are reported. On functional levels, these molecular effects translate into reduced proliferative, invasive, and metastatic capacity, as well as induced tumor cell apoptosis. All these effects have been observed not only in vitro but also in animal models. In combination with anti-neoplastic drugs like Taxol, kinase inhibitors, and radiation therapy, curcumin potentiates the drugs’ therapeutic power and can protect against undesired side effects. Natural plant-derived compounds like curcumin have one significant advantage: They do not usually cause side effects. This feature qualifies curcumin for primary prevention in healthy persons with a predisposition to cancer, arteriosclerosis, or chronic inflammatory diseases. Nonetheless, curcumin is considered safe, although potential toxic effects stemming from high dosages, long-term intake, and pharmacological interactions with other compounds have yet to be assessed. This Special Issue examines in detail and updates current research on the molecular targets, protective effects, and modes of action of natural plant-derived compounds and their roles in the prevention and treatment of human diseases.

minerals --- cancer treatment --- chitosan --- n/a --- neurodegeneration --- antioxidant activity --- senescence --- tumor proliferation --- nanoparticles --- antimicrobial agents --- oxidative metabolites --- drug discovery --- Akt/mTOR signaling --- micronutrients --- ulcerative colitis --- transmission electron microscopy --- metabolic reprogramming --- curcumin --- death receptor --- chaperone-mediated autophagy --- wound healing --- brain ischemia --- autophagy --- Alzheimer’s disease --- genes --- transthyretin --- inflammatory bowel disease --- cellular pathway --- centrifugal partition chromatography --- nutrition --- amyloid --- Curcuma longa --- protein aggregation --- supportive care --- IL-17 --- senolytics --- complementary medicine --- macronutrients --- structure activity relationship --- gastroprotection --- Zingiberaceae --- anti-inflamation --- TLC bioautography --- microbiota --- glioblastoma multiforme --- amyloidosis --- SHMT2 --- antioxidants --- silica --- apoptosis --- reflux esophagitis --- gastric ulcer --- TLC-MS --- anti-cancer --- anticancer --- ImageJ --- anti-tumor --- delivery system --- wound --- Helicobacter pylori --- direct protein binding --- protein misfolding --- tumor growth --- diet --- Crohn’s disease --- hydrostatic counter-current chromatography --- ageing --- renal cell cancer --- gastric cancer --- amino-acids --- STAT3 --- mechanism of action --- inflamm-aging --- mitophagy --- necrotizing enterocolitis --- cell cycling --- vitamins --- turmeric tuber --- cancer --- tau protein --- Alzheimer's disease --- Crohn's disease

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Despite the efficiency of current cancer treatments, cancer is still a deadly disease for too many. In 2008, 7.6 million people died of cancer; with the current development, it is estimated that the annual cancer death number will grow to 13 million by 2030. There is clearly a need for not only more research but also more innovative and out of the mainstream scientific ideas to discover and develop even better cancer treatments. This book presents the collective works published in the recent Special Issue entitled “Killing Cancer: Discovery and Selection of New Target Molecules”. These articles comprise a selection of studies, ideas, and opinions that aim to facilitate knowledge, thoughts, and discussion about which biological and molecular mechanisms in cancer we should target and how we should target them.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- ferlin --- myoferlin --- dysferlin --- otoferlin --- C2 domain --- plasma membrane --- sulconazole --- NF-κB --- IL-8 --- mammosphere --- breast cancer stem cells --- AF1Q --- MLLT11 --- WNT --- STAT --- esophageal cancer --- prognosis --- mTORC1 --- mTORC2 --- metabolism --- rapalogs --- mTOR inhibitors --- cancer metabolism --- mTOR in immunotherapy --- nutrient metabolism --- kinase inhibitors --- mTOR signaling --- MAPK kinase --- ERK1 --- ERK2 --- CD domain --- Rolled --- SCH772984 --- VRT-11E --- sevenmaker --- cancer therapy --- EMT --- lysosome --- lysosome-mediated invasion --- MZF1 --- phosphorylation --- PAK4 --- SUMOylation --- transcription factor --- zinc finger --- glucocorticoids --- 3D growth --- nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- anoikis --- proliferation --- targeted cancer therapy --- disulfiram --- NPL4 --- replication stress --- DNA damage --- BRCA1 --- BRCA2 --- ATR pathway --- PDAC --- TCIRG1 --- ATP6V0a3 --- invasion --- migration --- matrix degradation --- pH-regulation --- autophagy --- multidrug resistance in cancer --- drug efflux pumps --- ATP-binding cassette transporter --- breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) --- ABCG2 --- pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivative --- SCO-201 --- colorectal cancer --- immunotherapy --- inflammation --- microsatellite instability --- oncofetal chondroitin sulfate --- chondroitin sulfate --- cancer --- solid tumors --- target --- pediatric cancer --- VAR2 --- dexamethasone --- thyroid cancer --- microgravity --- space environment --- ferlin --- myoferlin --- dysferlin --- otoferlin --- C2 domain --- plasma membrane --- sulconazole --- NF-κB --- IL-8 --- mammosphere --- breast cancer stem cells --- AF1Q --- MLLT11 --- WNT --- STAT --- esophageal cancer --- prognosis --- mTORC1 --- mTORC2 --- metabolism --- rapalogs --- mTOR inhibitors --- cancer metabolism --- mTOR in immunotherapy --- nutrient metabolism --- kinase inhibitors --- mTOR signaling --- MAPK kinase --- ERK1 --- ERK2 --- CD domain --- Rolled --- SCH772984 --- VRT-11E --- sevenmaker --- cancer therapy --- EMT --- lysosome --- lysosome-mediated invasion --- MZF1 --- phosphorylation --- PAK4 --- SUMOylation --- transcription factor --- zinc finger --- glucocorticoids --- 3D growth --- nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- anoikis --- proliferation --- targeted cancer therapy --- disulfiram --- NPL4 --- replication stress --- DNA damage --- BRCA1 --- BRCA2 --- ATR pathway --- PDAC --- TCIRG1 --- ATP6V0a3 --- invasion --- migration --- matrix degradation --- pH-regulation --- autophagy --- multidrug resistance in cancer --- drug efflux pumps --- ATP-binding cassette transporter --- breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) --- ABCG2 --- pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivative --- SCO-201 --- colorectal cancer --- immunotherapy --- inflammation --- microsatellite instability --- oncofetal chondroitin sulfate --- chondroitin sulfate --- cancer --- solid tumors --- target --- pediatric cancer --- VAR2 --- dexamethasone --- thyroid cancer --- microgravity --- space environment