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Microelectrode arrays are increasingly used in a wide variety of situations in the medical device sector. For example, one major challenge in microfluidic devices is the manipulation of fluids and droplets effectively at such scales. Due to the laminar flow regime (i.e., low Reynolds number) in microfluidic devices, the mixing of species is also difficult, and unless an active mixing strategy is employed, passive diffusion is the only mechanism that causes the fluid to mix. For many applications, diffusion is considered too slow, and thus many active pumping and mixing strategies have been employed using electrokinetic methods, which utilize a variety of simple and complex microelectrode array structures. Microelectrodes have also been implemented in in vitro intracellular delivery platforms to conduct cell electroporation on chip, where a highly localized electric field on the scale of a single cell is generated to enhance the uptake of extracellular material. In addition, microelectrode arrays are utilized in different microfluidic biosensing modalities, where a higher sensitivity, selectivity, and limit-of-detection are desired. Carbon nanotube microelectrode arrays are used for DNA detection, multi-electrode array chips are used for drug discovery, and there has been an explosion of research into brain–machine interfaces, fueled by microfabricated electrode arrays, both planar and three-dimensional. The advantages associated with microelectrode arrays include small size, the ability to manufacture repeatedly and reliably tens to thousands of micro-electrodes on both rigid and flexible substrates, and their utility for both in vitro and in vivo applications. To realize their full potential, there is a need to develop and integrate microelectrode arrays to form useful medical device systems. As the field of microelectrode array research is wide, and touches many application areas, it is often difficult to locate a single source of relevant information. This Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles, that focus on the application of microelectrode arrays in the medical device sector. Particular interest will be paid to innovative application areas that can improve existing medical devices, such as for neuromodulation and real world lab-on-a-chip applications.

Technology: general issues --- electrothermal --- microelectrode --- microfluidics --- micromixing --- micropump --- alternating current (AC) electrokinetics --- bisphenol A --- self-assembly --- biosensor --- flexible electrode --- polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) --- pyramid array micro-structures --- low contact impedance --- multimodal laser micromachining --- ablation characteristics --- shadow mask --- interdigitated electrodes --- soft sensors --- liquid metal --- fabrication --- principle --- arrays --- application --- induced-charge electrokinetic phenomenon --- ego-dielectrophoresis --- mobile electrode --- Janus microsphere --- continuous biomolecule collection --- electroconvection --- microelectrode array (MEA) --- ion beam assisted electron beam deposition (IBAD) --- indium tin oxide (ITO) --- titanium nitride (TiN) --- neurons --- transparent --- islets of Langerhans --- insulin secretion --- glucose stimulated insulin response --- electrochemical transduction --- intracortical microelectrode arrays --- shape memory polymer --- softening --- robust --- brain tissue oxygen --- in vivo monitoring --- multi-site clinical depth electrode --- n/a

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Designing immunotherapeutics, drugs, and anti-inflammatory reagents has been at the forefront of autoimmune research, in particular multiple sclerosis, for over 20 years. Delivery methods that are used to modulate effective and long-lasting immune responses have been the major focus. This Special Issue focused on delivery methods to be used for vaccines, immunotherapeutic approaches, drug design, and anti-inflammatories and their outcomes in preclinical studies and clinical trials.

Medicine --- multiple sclerosis --- inflammation --- oxidative --- biomarker --- sample size --- autoimmune encephalitis --- plasma exchange --- autoimmunity --- immunotherapeutics --- clinical outcomes --- major depression --- bupropion --- S-adenosylmethionine --- vitamin D3 --- yoga --- craniopharyngioma --- fractionated stereotactic radiation treatments --- sphenoid sinusitis --- cranial nerve-VI palsy --- autoimmune diseases --- immune thrombocytopenic purpura --- alemtuzumab --- antibodies against GluR3 peptide --- cognitive impairment --- diagnosis --- neuropsychological assessment --- short intracortical inhibition --- intracortical facilitation --- fampridine --- walking disability --- TSPAN32 --- tetraspanins --- cellular immunity --- memory T cells --- tDCS --- neuroimaging --- positron emission tomography --- cerebral blood flow --- probiotics --- Streptococcus thermophilus --- ST285 --- MBP83–99 peptide --- mannan --- immune modulation --- agonist peptide --- gut microbiome --- gut–brain axis --- metagenomics --- disease-modifying treatments --- MS --- vaccine --- immunomodulation --- carriers --- B cell receptor --- delivery methods --- immunotherapy --- monoclonal antibodies --- T cell receptor --- tolerance --- diagnostic markers --- immunoglobulins --- kappa --- free light chains --- antigen-specific immunotherapies --- tolerogenic vaccines --- tolerance induction --- central nervous system --- myelin peptides --- myelin basic protei --- proteolipid protein --- myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein --- nanotechnology --- drug delivery nanosystems --- lipids --- polymers --- vaccines --- nanoparticles --- antigen-specific immunotherapy --- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis --- neurodegeneration --- chloroquine --- EAE --- dendritic cells --- microglia --- astrocytes --- oligodendrocytes --- conformational analysis --- peptides --- altered peptide ligands --- NMR spectroscopy --- NOE-constraints --- molecular dynamic --- trimolecular complex --- Multiple Sclerosis --- early-onset --- adult-onset --- Human Leucocyte Antigens --- immunogenetics --- clinical phenotype --- clinical outcome --- therapeutics --- antibody detection --- ELISA --- multivalency --- N-glucosylated peptide epitopes --- peptide --- conjugation --- MOG35-55 --- Graphite/SiO2 electrode --- voltammetry --- HPLC --- MS drugs --- multiple sclerosis --- inflammation --- oxidative --- biomarker --- sample size --- autoimmune encephalitis --- plasma exchange --- autoimmunity --- immunotherapeutics --- clinical outcomes --- major depression --- bupropion --- S-adenosylmethionine --- vitamin D3 --- yoga --- craniopharyngioma --- fractionated stereotactic radiation treatments --- sphenoid sinusitis --- cranial nerve-VI palsy --- autoimmune diseases --- immune thrombocytopenic purpura --- alemtuzumab --- antibodies against GluR3 peptide --- cognitive impairment --- diagnosis --- neuropsychological assessment --- short intracortical inhibition --- intracortical facilitation --- fampridine --- walking disability --- TSPAN32 --- tetraspanins --- cellular immunity --- memory T cells --- tDCS --- neuroimaging --- positron emission tomography --- cerebral blood flow --- probiotics --- Streptococcus thermophilus --- ST285 --- MBP83–99 peptide --- mannan --- immune modulation --- agonist peptide --- gut microbiome --- gut–brain axis --- metagenomics --- disease-modifying treatments --- MS --- vaccine --- immunomodulation --- carriers --- B cell receptor --- delivery methods --- immunotherapy --- monoclonal antibodies --- T cell receptor --- tolerance --- diagnostic markers --- immunoglobulins --- kappa --- free light chains --- antigen-specific immunotherapies --- tolerogenic vaccines --- tolerance induction --- central nervous system --- myelin peptides --- myelin basic protei --- proteolipid protein --- myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein --- nanotechnology --- drug delivery nanosystems --- lipids --- polymers --- vaccines --- nanoparticles --- antigen-specific immunotherapy --- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis --- neurodegeneration --- chloroquine --- EAE --- dendritic cells --- microglia --- astrocytes --- oligodendrocytes --- conformational analysis --- peptides --- altered peptide ligands --- NMR spectroscopy --- NOE-constraints --- molecular dynamic --- trimolecular complex --- Multiple Sclerosis --- early-onset --- adult-onset --- Human Leucocyte Antigens --- immunogenetics --- clinical phenotype --- clinical outcome --- therapeutics --- antibody detection --- ELISA --- multivalency --- N-glucosylated peptide epitopes --- peptide --- conjugation --- MOG35-55 --- Graphite/SiO2 electrode --- voltammetry --- HPLC --- MS drugs

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Designing immunotherapeutics, drugs, and anti-inflammatory reagents has been at the forefront of autoimmune research, in particular multiple sclerosis, for over 20 years. Delivery methods that are used to modulate effective and long-lasting immune responses have been the major focus. This Special Issue focused on delivery methods to be used for vaccines, immunotherapeutic approaches, drug design, and anti-inflammatories and their outcomes in preclinical studies and clinical trials.

multiple sclerosis --- inflammation --- oxidative --- biomarker --- sample size --- autoimmune encephalitis --- plasma exchange --- autoimmunity --- immunotherapeutics --- clinical outcomes --- major depression --- bupropion --- S-adenosylmethionine --- vitamin D3 --- yoga --- craniopharyngioma --- fractionated stereotactic radiation treatments --- sphenoid sinusitis --- cranial nerve-VI palsy --- autoimmune diseases --- immune thrombocytopenic purpura --- alemtuzumab --- antibodies against GluR3 peptide --- cognitive impairment --- diagnosis --- neuropsychological assessment --- short intracortical inhibition --- intracortical facilitation --- fampridine --- walking disability --- TSPAN32 --- tetraspanins --- cellular immunity --- memory T cells --- tDCS --- neuroimaging --- positron emission tomography --- cerebral blood flow --- probiotics --- Streptococcus thermophilus --- ST285 --- MBP83–99 peptide --- mannan --- immune modulation --- agonist peptide --- gut microbiome --- gut–brain axis --- metagenomics --- disease-modifying treatments --- MS --- vaccine --- immunomodulation --- carriers --- B cell receptor --- delivery methods --- immunotherapy --- monoclonal antibodies --- T cell receptor --- tolerance --- diagnostic markers --- immunoglobulins --- kappa --- free light chains --- antigen-specific immunotherapies --- tolerogenic vaccines --- tolerance induction --- central nervous system --- myelin peptides --- myelin basic protei --- proteolipid protein --- myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein --- nanotechnology --- drug delivery nanosystems --- lipids --- polymers --- vaccines --- nanoparticles --- antigen-specific immunotherapy --- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis --- neurodegeneration --- chloroquine --- EAE --- dendritic cells --- microglia --- astrocytes --- oligodendrocytes --- conformational analysis --- peptides --- altered peptide ligands --- NMR spectroscopy --- NOE-constraints --- molecular dynamic --- trimolecular complex --- Multiple Sclerosis --- early-onset --- adult-onset --- Human Leucocyte Antigens --- immunogenetics --- clinical phenotype --- clinical outcome --- therapeutics --- antibody detection --- ELISA --- multivalency --- N-glucosylated peptide epitopes --- peptide --- conjugation --- MOG35-55 --- Graphite/SiO2 electrode --- voltammetry --- HPLC --- MS drugs