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Margaret Levi's wide-ranging theoretical and historical study demonstrates the importance of political relative to economic factors in accounting for revenue production policies.

Revenue --- Income tax --- State, The --- History --- History. --- collecting taxes. --- collective bargaining. --- collectivism. --- comparative taxation. --- compliance. --- economic theory. --- economics. --- economy. --- fiscal federalism. --- government control. --- government spending. --- government. --- history. --- labor industrial relations. --- neo marxism. --- nonfiction. --- political economy. --- political science. --- political theory. --- politics. --- privatization. --- public choice. --- public finance. --- rational choice theory. --- resources mobilization. --- revenue. --- rulers. --- social science. --- socialism. --- sociology. --- state rulers. --- taxation development. --- taxation. --- unions.

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In Trying Biology, Adam R. Shapiro convincingly dispels many conventional assumptions about the 1925 Scopes "monkey" trial. Most view it as an event driven primarily by a conflict between science and religion. Countering this, Shapiro shows the importance of timing: the Scopes trial occurred at a crucial moment in the history of biology textbook publishing, education reform in Tennessee, and progressive school reform across the country. He places the trial in this broad context-alongside American Protestant antievolution sentiment-and in doing so sheds new light on the trial and the historical relationship of science and religion in America. For the first time we see how religious objections to evolution became a prevailing concern to the American textbook industry even before the Scopes trial began. Shapiro explores both the development of biology textbooks leading up to the trial and the ways in which the textbook industry created new books and presented them as "responses" to the trial. Today, the controversy continues over textbook warning labels, making Shapiro's study-particularly as it plays out in one of America's most famous trials-an original contribution to a timely discussion.

Biology publishing --- Biology --- Evolution (Biology) --- Religion and science --- History. --- Textbooks --- Study and teaching --- Scopes, John Thomas --- Trials, litigation, etc. --- scopes trial, evolution, biology, science, textbooks, antievolution movement, schools, education, religion, tennessee, reform, protestantism, christianity, litigation, history, nonfiction, publishers, authors, politics, common core, standards, creationism, indoctrination, government control, william jennings bryan, high school, sales, capitalism, opportunism, anti-intellectualism, parochialism, greed, graft.

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Dhimmis (Islamic law) --- Dhimmi --- Islamic Empire --- Empire islamique --- Historiography --- Ethnic relations. --- Historiographie --- Relations interethniques --- History of Asia --- Islam --- History of Africa --- anno 700-799 --- anno 600-699 --- anno 800-1199 --- Middle East --- Muslims --- early Islamic society --- religious communities --- Iraq --- Al-Shurut al-'umariyya --- La tashabbahu --- minority selfrule --- government control --- Christian Arabic Theologians --- Christianity --- Judaeo-Arabic texts --- Islamic dogma --- bias --- Mawlas --- slavery --- conversion --- socio-economic history --- Egypt --- the Mazdeans of Muslim Iran

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The history of the American West is a history of struggles over land, and none has inspired so much passion and misunderstanding as the conflict between ranchers and the federal government over public grazing lands. Drawing upon neglected sources from organized ranchers, this is the first book to provide a historically based explanation for why the relationship between ranchers and the federal government became so embattled long before modern environmentalists became involved in the issue. Reconstructing the increasingly contested interpretations of the meaning of public land administration, Public Lands and Political Meaning traces the history of the political dynamics between ranchers and federal land agencies, giving us a new look at the relations of power that made the modern West.Although a majority of organized ranchers supported government control of the range at the turn of the century, by midcentury these same organizations often used a virulently antifederal discourse that fueled many a political fight in Washington and that still runs deep in American politics today. In analyzing this shift, Merrill shows how profoundly people's ideas about property wove their way into the political language of the debates surrounding public range policy. As she unravels the meaning of this language, Merrill demonstrates that different ideas about property played a crucial role in perpetuating antagonism on both sides of the fence.In addition to illuminating the origins of the "sagebrush rebellions" in the American West, this book also persuasively argues that political historians must pay more attention to public land management issues as a way of understanding tensions in American state-building.

Public lands --- Government ownership --- Ranchers --- Pasture, Right of --- Agistment --- Grazing rights --- Pastures --- Right of pasture --- Animal industry --- Commons --- Natural resources, Communal --- Servitudes --- Ranchmen --- Stockmen (Animal industry) --- Farmers --- Nationalization --- Public ownership --- Socialization of industry --- State ownership --- Collectivism --- Economic policy --- Socialism --- Privatization --- History. --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Law --- Law and legislation --- History --- Legal status, laws, etc --- E-books --- american history. --- american west. --- cattle. --- environment. --- federal government. --- federal land agencies. --- frontier. --- government control. --- grazing lands. --- history. --- land administration. --- land management. --- land rights. --- land use. --- modern west. --- nature. --- political science. --- politics. --- property rights. --- protest. --- public grazing. --- public lands. --- public range. --- ranchers. --- ranching. --- range. --- sagebrush rebellions. --- settlers. --- settling the west. --- social issues. --- state building. --- united states. --- wild west.

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Analyzing the "democratic" features and institutions of the Athenian democracy in the fifth century B.C., Martin Ostwald traces their development from Solon's judicial reforms to the flowering of popular sovereignty, when the people assumed the right both to enact all legislation and to hold magistrates accountable for implementing what had been enacted.

Law, Greek. --- Law --- Constitutional history --- Rule of law --- Democracy. --- Supremacy of law --- Administrative law --- Constitutional law --- Self-government --- Political science --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Jurisprudence --- Legislation --- Greek law --- Law, Ancient --- History. --- Athens (Greece) --- Politics and government. --- Law, Greek --- Law - Greece - Athens - History --- Constitutional history - Greece - Athens - To 146 B.C --- Rule of law - Greece - Athens --- Democracy --- Athens (Greece) - Politics and government --- accountability. --- administration of justice. --- ancestral law. --- ancient greece. --- ancient greek history. --- antigone. --- assembly. --- athenian democracy. --- athens. --- cleisthenes. --- constitutional law. --- courts. --- democracy. --- democratic. --- ephialtes. --- fifth century bc. --- government control. --- governments and governing. --- internal policy. --- judicial reform. --- jury courts. --- law. --- legal history. --- legal. --- legislation. --- magistrates. --- polarization. --- politics. --- popular sovereignty. --- religion. --- religious norms. --- scrutiny. --- social norms. --- social order. --- social thought. --- society. --- solon. --- sophocles. --- Rule of law.