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Movement ecology is a relatively new discipline in the field of ecology that studies the spatio-temporal patterns and processes at the basis of animal movement. Ecologists track animal movement using telemetry tools (such as for example bio-logging GPS tags), and then combine resulting trajectories with contextual data on environment, such as those collected through remote sensing. Combined data are then used to build statistical models that describe the determinants of animal movement, such as environmental constraints (e.g. snow layer, habitat fragmentation, human disturbance) or the inner status of individuals (e.g. memory, orientation capacity). Movement is also the focus of a different field of research, i.e. human mobility, which is studied in a set of disciplines, from GIScience, to computer science, physics, geography and transportation science. In analogy with movement ecology, human mobility benefited from the recent development of sensors capable of capturing human movement in real time and at detailed spatial and temporal scales (e.g. GPS trackers). While data and analytical methods are similar between movement ecology and human mobility, there is surprisingly little interdisciplinary awareness of these similarities. Recently, GIScientists have called for the establishment of the Integrated Science of Movement, with the specific aim to bridge the gap between movement ecology and human mobility and raise awareness of respective problems, data and methods. This would fundamentally help ecologists to improve their understanding of the impact of anthropogenic environmental change on animal movement in the Anthropocene. Indeed, ecologists measure wildlife-human interaction mainly via the collection of static (at least at high to intermediate temporal resolution) data from remote sensing sources (e.g. road maps, high resolution forest cover, etc.), to assess, for example, the effect of landscape fragmentation on migratory propensity. However, data on human presence and activity are intrinsically dynamic, rather than static. Developing new methods to implement such data (e.g. road traffic or human recreational activities) in the study of movement ecology would crucially improve the ecologists' understanding of the tight relationship between animal movement and human activities. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, human mobility data, which were previously difficult to obtain, have become open and available and there is an opportunity to use these in conjunction with animal data to study wildlife-human interaction. This however requires bespoke complex spatio-temporal methods for both data fusion and analysis that currently do not exist. Solving this challenge is crucial for movement ecology investigation, as for example to unveil the effect of COVID-19 human lockdowns on animal movement and behavior. By introducing a specific ecology problem to the GIS scientists and spatial computing scientists, we hope to kick-start an interdisciplinary effort to develop methods, metrics and other solutions that will integrate analysis of dynamic anthropogenic activity, such as human mobility, into the study of animal movement.

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Earth Observation and Geospatial Analysis presents current research related to the observation of Earth with sensors operating at various wavelengths. The book describes the use of remote sensing technologies for detecting and monitoring Earth's environmental changes (including surface and atmosphere) and its modifications over time. Chapters cover different research aspects in the framework of remote sensing with a particular emphasis on the use of hyperspectral and optical imageries. The presented experiments concern the study of soil properties, the analysis of land use/land changes, the analysis of bio-aerosols as well as the color of water, the investigation of the scar and samples of a cosmic meteoritic impact, and the theoretical treatment of the operation of spatial coordinate transformation in noisy environments. Overall, this book provides an overview of the adopted methodologies for the accomplishment of geospatial analyses to identify environmental changes due to climate change and natural phenomena.

Geospatial data.

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The amount of publicly available geo-referenced data has seen a dramatic explosion over the past few years. Human activity generates data and traces that are often transparently annotated with location and contextual information. At the same time, it has become easier than ever to collect and combine rich and diverse location information. For instance, in the context of geoadvertising, the use of geosocial data for targeted marketing is receiving significant attention from a wide spectrum of companies and organizations. With the advent of smartphones and online social networks, a multi-billion dollar industry that utilizes geosocial data for advertising and marketing has emerged. Geotagged social-media posts, GPS traces, data from cellular antennas and WiFi access points are used on a wide scale to directly access people for advertising, recommendations, marketing, and group purchases. Exploiting this torrent of geo-referenced data provides a tremendous potential to materially improve existing recommendation services and offer novel ones, with clear benefits in many domains, including social networks, marketing, and tourism. It also raises issues in the area of responsibility, accountability, transparency, fairness, adequacy (e.g., avoiding ads in improper places) and preventing misconduct. Achieving the full potential of geo-referenced data requires new technologies to collect, store, analyze and use the data. It also raises issues in the area of responsibility, accountability, transparency, fairness, adequacy (e.g., avoiding ads in improper places) and preventing misconduct. This in turn means addressing many core challenges and combining ideas and techniques from various research communities, such as recommender systems, data management, geographic information systems, social network analytics and text mining. By bringing together researchers and practitioners from these communities, the LocalRec workshop aims to provide a unique forum for discussing in depth and collecting feedback about challenges, opportunities, novel techniques, and applications related to location-based recommendation, geosocial networks and geoadvertising.

Geospatial data