Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Analysis. --- Brain. --- Cortex. --- Frontal cortex. --- Frontal-cortex. --- Frontal. --- Limbic system. --- Neuropsychology. --- Prelimbic. --- Rat. --- System.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Cognition --- stress --- Motivation --- Behavior --- decision-making --- pre-frontal cortex

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Neurosciences --- Cognition --- stress --- Motivation --- Behavior --- decision-making --- pre-frontal cortex --- Cognition --- stress --- Motivation --- Behavior --- decision-making --- pre-frontal cortex

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Studies of the brain inform us about the cognitive abilities of animals and hence affect the extent to which animals of that species are respected However, they can also tell us how an individual is likely to be perceiving, attending to, evaluating, coping with, enjoying, or disturbed by its environment, and so can give direct information about welfare. In studies of welfare, we are especially interested in how an individual feels. Since this depends upon high-level brain processing, we have to investigate brain function. Brain correlates of preferred social, sexual and parental situations include elevated oxytocin in the para-ventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Abnormal behaviour may have brain correlates, for example, high frequencies of stereotypy are associated with down-regulated P and kappa receptors and dopamine depletion in the frontal cortex. Such results help in evaluating the effects of treatment on welfare. Some brain changes, such as increased glucocorticoid receptors in the frontal lobes or increased activity in the amygdala, may be a sensitive indicator of perceived emergency. Active immunological defences lead to cytokine production in the brain, vagal nerve activity and sickness effects. Some aspects of brain function can be temporarily suppressed, for example, by opioids when there is severe pain, or permanently impaired, for example, in severely impoverished environments or during depression. Coping attempts or environmental impact can lead to injury to the brain, damage to hippocampal neurons, remodelling of dendrites in the hippocampus, or to other brain disorganisation. Brain measures can explain the nature and magnitude of many effects on welfare

Ability. --- Abnormal behaviour,adrenal,animal welfare,brain measures,coping,opioids. --- Abnormal behaviour. --- Activity. --- Amygdala. --- Animal welfare. --- Animal-welfare. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behavior. --- Behaviour. --- Brain. --- Cognitive-ability. --- Coping. --- Cortex. --- Damage. --- Depression. --- Dopamine. --- Emergency. --- Environment. --- Environments. --- Frequency. --- Frontal cortex. --- Frontal lobes. --- Frontal-cortex. --- Frontal. --- Function. --- Glucocorticoid receptors. --- Glucocorticoid. --- Hippocampal-neurons. --- Hippocampal. --- Hippocampus. --- Hypothalamus. --- Impoverished. --- Injuries. --- Injury. --- Neurons. --- Nucleus. --- Opioid. --- Opioids. --- Oxytocin. --- Pain. --- Paraventricular nucleus. --- Production. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Responses. --- Sexual. --- Sheep. --- Situations. --- Social. --- Sows. --- Stereotypies. --- Stereotypy. --- Stress. --- Systems. --- Treatment. --- Us. --- Welfare.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

We evaluated whether environmental enrichment-related effects on the development of stereotyped behavior in deer mice were associated with alterations in dendritic morphology. Deer mice were reared under enriched or standard housing conditions and then tested in automated photocell detectors and classified as stereotypic or nonstereotypic. Dendritic morphology was assessed in layer V pyramidal neurons of the motor cortex, medium spiny neurons of the dorsolateral striatum, and granule cells of the dentate gyrus using Golgi-Cox histochemistry. Enriched nonstereotypic mice exhibited significantly higher dendritic spine densities in the motor cortex and the striatum than enriched stereotypic or standard-cage mice. Significant increases in dendritic arborization following environmental enrichment also were observed. These results suggest that the enrichment-related prevention of stereotyped behavior is associated with increased dendritic spine density. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Amphetamine. --- Bank voles. --- Behavior. --- Complex environments. --- Cortex. --- Deer mice. --- Deer. --- Density. --- Dentate gyrus. --- Development. --- Differential experience. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Frontal-cortex. --- Golgi-cox,repetitive behavior,deer mice,brain. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing. --- Increase. --- Increases. --- Mice. --- Morphology. --- Neurons. --- Plasticity. --- Prevention. --- Rat-brain. --- Sex-differences. --- Stereotyped behavior. --- Stereotypic. --- Striatum.