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After devastating vast ranges of pine forests in Asian countries, Pine Wilt disease invaded European forests, becoming a worldwide threat. Originating in North America, the pathogen of this forest epidemic is a nematode, a long filamentous organism, only 1mm in length. Nematodes are carried from tree to tree by a long-horned beetle, where they lurk in its trachea and thereby spread the disease. The challenges raised for researchers to develop effective control methods were to discover how such tiny nematodes infect and kill large pine trees within a short period, and how the infection spreads repeatedly each year. Other key issues include how giant pine trees die within a short period of time due to infection by these small nematodes, how various organisms involved in this disease correlate to each other, how host trees differently respond to nematode invasion among pine species, and how environmental factors affect the progression and spread of the disease.This book is a record of the fantastic and ingenious research by many tenacious researchers who have worked to clarify these issues. Information on a wide range of fields, from molecular biology to microbiology, nematology, entomology, botany, and ecology, has been incorporated into pine wilt research. Therefore, this book will greatly stimulate the curiosity and research motivation of those interested in field biology and the conservation of the natural environment.

Pinewood nematode. --- Conifer wilt. --- Plant pathology & diseases.

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Conifer wilt. --- Pine --- Pinewood nematode. --- Diseases and pests.

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According to the European Plant Protection Organization, the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a quarantine organism at the top of the list of the pathogenic species. PWN may be found in North America (Canada, USA and Mexico) and in East Asia (Japan, Korea, China and Taiwan) and has a highly destructive capability towards conifers, in a relatively short time, causing serious economic damage in Japan, China and Korea. This nematode surveying is extremely important and a correct identification of nematode species associated with conifers is essential. Several conifers species are very susceptible (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster), the last one (maritime pine) is a particulary important economic specie in Portugal, and in southern Europe. In 1999, this nematode was found and identified for the first time in Portugal and in Europe. During 1999 and 2000, the Portuguese government, following an alert provided to European Community officials initiated an extensive national survey. During 2000 and 2001, research has been carried out regarding the morphobiometric as well as molecular (DNA: ITS-RFLP) characterization of the collected populations, as well as closely related species of Bursaphelenchus. The book details the Proceedings of an international workshop held at the University of Évora in 2001, covering all major aspects of the bioecology of the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, its insect vectors and effects on the tree. Topics covered are: global issues and national surveys; morphology and molecular methods of identification of PWN; ecology and epidemiology; quarantine issues; tree physiology, resistance and histopathology; biology of PWN and relationships to its cerambycid vectors; control methods. General quarantine and political views are also presented.

Conifer wilt --- Pine --- Pinewood nematode --- Diseases and pests

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633.94 --- 582.475.4 --- Plants yielding turpentine and rosin. Conifer resins. Turpentine tree (terebinth). Pistacia terebinthus. Pines, larches and firs. Pinus, Larix and Abies species --- Pinoideae. Pines. Pitch pine. Pinus --- 582.475.4 Pinoideae. Pines. Pitch pine. Pinus --- 633.94 Plants yielding turpentine and rosin. Conifer resins. Turpentine tree (terebinth). Pistacia terebinthus. Pines, larches and firs. Pinus, Larix and Abies species

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This thoroughly revised, entirely rewritten edition of what is the essential reference on California's diverse and ever-changing vegetation now brings readers the most authoritative, state-of-the-art view of California's plant ecosystems available. Integrating decades of research, leading community ecologists and field botanists describe and classify California's vegetation types, identify environmental factors that determine the distribution of vegetation types, analyze the role of disturbance regimes in vegetation dynamics, chronicle change due to human activities, identify conservation issues, describe restoration strategies, and prioritize directions for new research. Several new chapters address statewide issues such as the historic appearance and impact of introduced and invasive plants, the soils of California, and more.

Phytogeography -- California. --- Phytogeography. --- Plant ecology -- California. --- Plant ecology. --- Plant ecology --- Phytogeography --- Plant Geography --- Botany --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Botanical geography --- Geobotany --- Geographical distribution of plants --- Plant distribution --- Plant geography --- Plant species --- Plants --- Geographical distribution --- Ecology --- Biogeography --- Disjunct plants --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Floristic ecology --- beach and dune. --- biology. --- botany. --- california channel islands. --- california conifer. --- california plants. --- classification of vegetation. --- climate change. --- coastal prairie. --- coastal scrub. --- conservation. --- ecology. --- environmentalism. --- flora of california. --- forests. --- future research. --- geology. --- landscape. --- mojave desert. --- native plans. --- natural science. --- nonnative plants. --- sage scrub. --- sierra nevada. --- soil. --- ultramafic vegetation.