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This book is based on a review of about 2,000 carefully selected articles about hydroxyapatite (HA) materials from about 150 peer-review journals in both engineering and medical areas and presents itself as a typical example of evidence-based learning (EBL). Evidence-based literature reviews can provide foundation skills in research-oriented bibliographic inquiry, with an emphasis on such review and synthesis of applicable literature. Information is gathered by surveying a broad array of multidisciplinary research publications written by scholars and researchers. HA is a very unique material which has been employed equally in both engineering and medical and dental fields. In addition, the name "apatite" comes from the Greek word áðáôù, which means to deceive. What is actually happening inside the apatite crystal structure is based on the unique characteristics of ion exchangeability. Because of this, versatility of HA has been recognized in wide ranges, including bone-grafting substitutes, various ways to fabricate HAs, HA-based coating materials, HA-based biocomposites, scaffold materials, and drug-delivery systems. This book covers all these interesting areas involved in HA materials science and technology.

Hydroxyapatite. --- Calcium phosphate hydroxide --- Hydroxylapatite --- Apatite --- animal tests --- biomimetic materials --- biowaste-origin HA --- biphasic biocomposites --- bone-graft substitute materials --- clinical reports --- crystallinity --- drug-delivery systems --- elemental substitutions --- hydroxyapatite coating materials --- hydroxyapatite-based biocomposites --- scaffolds materials and structures --- synthesis

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The decarbonization of all sectors is essential in addressing the global challenge of climate change. Bioenergy can contribute to replacing our current dependence on fossil fuels and offers significant possibilities in many conventional and advanced applications, from power to heating and cooling installations. Energy systems in the building and industrial sectors can convert biomass to other usable forms of energy and improve energy performance. Moreover, bioenergy sustainability means energy can be managed for an extended period of time. Further research is needed to develop better green energy production methods and new procedures to evaluate and valorize biomass in a circular economy context. Some of the most critical bottlenecks to increase the use of bioenergy are energy conversion and management from resource to final energy. The countries where this source is strengthened can achieve security of energy supply and energy independence. In addition, biomass boilers and biomass district heating systems are interesting options to achieve nearly zero-energy buildings, contributing the needed biomass harvesting to rural development and to improve resource planning and distribution. The aim of this book is to present a comprehensive overview and in-depth technical research papers addressing recent progress in biomass-based systems and innovative applications.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- green tide --- parameter optimization --- pyrolysis kinetics --- Shuffled Complex Evolution --- Kissinger method --- clean technology --- renewable energy --- life cycle assessment --- zero discharge --- waste treatment --- sustainability --- bibliometric analysis --- analysis of science mapping --- SciMAT --- systematic literature review --- municipal solid waste --- organic fraction --- biomass --- olive waste --- energetic densification --- pretreatment --- torrefaction --- energy conversion --- energy management --- technology --- thermal system --- biogas --- energy transition --- water hyacinth --- anaerobic digestion --- optimisation --- sustainable cities --- particle emission --- biomass combustion --- biomass cooking stoves --- domestic heating --- local circularity --- decentralized biowaste management --- circular economy --- resource recovery

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Environmental problems are forcing a rethinking of the world’s energy supply system. In parallel, there is an increasing amount of global solid waste production. A fundamental shift toward greater reliance on biomass wastes in the world’s energy system is plausible because of ongoing major technological advances that hold the promise of making the conversion of biomass into high-quality energy carriers, like electricity and gaseous or liquid fuels, economically competitive with fossil fuels. Therefore, waste-to-energy systems have become a paramount topic for both industry and researchers due to interest in energy production from waste and improved chemical and thermal efficiencies with more cost-effective designs. This biomass shift is also important for industries to become more efficient by using their own wastes to produce their own energy in the light of the circular economy concept. This book on “Biomass Wastes for Energy Production” brings novel advances on waste-to-energy technologies, life cycle assessment, and computational models, and contributes to promoting rethinking of the world’s energy supply systems.

torrefaction --- biorenewable energy --- biowaste --- biocoal --- alternative fuel --- waste management --- manure --- thermal valorization --- thermogravimetric analysis --- differential scanning calorimetry --- autothermal gasification --- downdraft reactor --- thermodynamics --- chemical equilibrium --- carbon boundary point --- dairy wastewater --- biogas --- anaerobic digestion --- anaerobic horizontal flow reactor --- microwave radiation --- ultrasound --- biomass residues --- forestry --- thermal treatment --- biomass valorization --- torrefied material properties --- biomass gasification --- demonstration-scale plant --- syngas --- circular economy --- wastewater management --- activated carbon adsorption --- steam boilers --- co-firing --- biomass --- characteristics --- boiler efficiency --- GHG emissions --- decision parameters --- result parameters --- structural parameters --- peach pruning residues --- electricity production --- life cycle assessment --- LCA --- biomass-to-energy --- biomass waste --- competing uses --- biomass applications --- bio-based economy --- biomass value pyramid --- co-occurrence analysis --- internal combustion engines-generator --- small-scale systems --- energy efficiency --- techno-economic analysis --- Monte Carlo method --- organic waste --- energy recovery --- cost analysis

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Entitled “Natural Fiber-Based Composites”, this Special Issue has the objective to give an inventory of the latest research in the area of composites reinforced with natural fibers. Fibers of renewable origin have many advantages. They are abundant and cheap, they have a reduced impact on the environment, and they are also independent from fossil resources. Their ability to mechanically reinforce thermoplastic matrices is well known, as their natural heat insulation ability. In the last twenty years, the use of cellulosic and lignocellulosic agricultural by-products for composite applications has been of great interest, especially for reinforcing matrices. The matrices can themselves be of renewable origin (e.g., proteins, starch, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polyamides, etc.), thus contributing to the development of 100% bio-based composites with a controlled end of life. This Special Issue’s objective is to give an inventory of the latest research in this area of composites reinforced with natural fibers, focusing in particular on the preparation and molding processes of such materials (e.g., extrusion, injection-molding, hot pressing, etc.) and their characterization. It contains one review and nineteen research reports authored by researchers from four continents and sixteen countries, namely, Brazil, China, France, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Poland, Qatar, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, and Vietnam. It provides an update on current research in the field of natural fiber based composite materials. All these contributions will be a source of inspiration for the development of new composites, especially for producers of natural fibers, polymer matrices of renewable origin and composite materials. Generally speaking, these new materials are environmentally friendly and will undoubtedly find numerous applications in the years to come in many sectors. Dr. Philippe Evon Guest Editor

Technology: general issues --- biopolymers --- sunflower protein concentrate --- municipal bio-waste --- urea --- slow-release fertilizers --- lime mortar --- mucilaginous plants --- bio-products --- Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) characterization --- cellulosic --- fiber --- flame retardant --- ecofriendly --- cotton --- coating --- exterior wall paints --- stain resistance --- western city --- volatile organic compounds (VOCs) --- cellulose nanofiber --- pretreatment --- lignin --- hemicellulose --- physicochemical properties --- natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites --- chemical treatments --- natural fibers --- manufacturing techniques --- green composites --- amaranth stem --- bark --- pith --- insulation blocks --- hardboards --- green composite --- nonwoven --- sound absorption --- structure --- profiling --- natural dye --- Himalayan balsam --- invasive plant --- printing --- textile --- paper --- olive stone --- biocomposite --- LCA --- circular economy --- filler --- sericin --- poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) --- cotton fabrics --- electrospinning --- microcapsules --- chitosan --- essential oil --- bio functional material --- chitin nanofiber --- composite particle --- Pickering emulsion polymerization --- polystyrene --- scaled-down --- wastewater treatment --- differential scanning calorimetry --- tensile properties --- proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- packaging --- hybrid yarns --- hemp --- PA11 --- woven fabric --- bio-based composite --- mechanical characterisation --- biobased carbon materials --- meso- and microporous carbons --- dye adsorption --- chemical adsorption --- electrostatic interactions --- flax tows --- ultrasound --- gamma treatment --- DVS --- environmental analysis --- mechanical properties --- composite materials --- linseed flax --- straw --- fibre mechanical extraction --- shives --- mean fibre length --- mean fibre diameter --- geotextiles --- antibacterial activity --- kapok fibre --- polycaprolactone --- sound-absorption performance --- fractal dimension --- epoxy --- sustainability --- flame retardancy --- coffee wastes --- biowaste --- biopolymers --- sunflower protein concentrate --- municipal bio-waste --- urea --- slow-release fertilizers --- lime mortar --- mucilaginous plants --- bio-products --- Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) characterization --- cellulosic --- fiber --- flame retardant --- ecofriendly --- cotton --- coating --- exterior wall paints --- stain resistance --- western city --- volatile organic compounds (VOCs) --- cellulose nanofiber --- pretreatment --- lignin --- hemicellulose --- physicochemical properties --- natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites --- chemical treatments --- natural fibers --- manufacturing techniques --- green composites --- amaranth stem --- bark --- pith --- insulation blocks --- hardboards --- green composite --- nonwoven --- sound absorption --- structure --- profiling --- natural dye --- Himalayan balsam --- invasive plant --- printing --- textile --- paper --- olive stone --- biocomposite --- LCA --- circular economy --- filler --- sericin --- poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) --- cotton fabrics --- electrospinning --- microcapsules --- chitosan --- essential oil --- bio functional material --- chitin nanofiber --- composite particle --- Pickering emulsion polymerization --- polystyrene --- scaled-down --- wastewater treatment --- differential scanning calorimetry --- tensile properties --- proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- packaging --- hybrid yarns --- hemp --- PA11 --- woven fabric --- bio-based composite --- mechanical characterisation --- biobased carbon materials --- meso- and microporous carbons --- dye adsorption --- chemical adsorption --- electrostatic interactions --- flax tows --- ultrasound --- gamma treatment --- DVS --- environmental analysis --- mechanical properties --- composite materials --- linseed flax --- straw --- fibre mechanical extraction --- shives --- mean fibre length --- mean fibre diameter --- geotextiles --- antibacterial activity --- kapok fibre --- polycaprolactone --- sound-absorption performance --- fractal dimension --- epoxy --- sustainability --- flame retardancy --- coffee wastes --- biowaste

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Entitled “Natural Fiber-Based Composites”, this Special Issue has the objective to give an inventory of the latest research in the area of composites reinforced with natural fibers. Fibers of renewable origin have many advantages. They are abundant and cheap, they have a reduced impact on the environment, and they are also independent from fossil resources. Their ability to mechanically reinforce thermoplastic matrices is well known, as their natural heat insulation ability. In the last twenty years, the use of cellulosic and lignocellulosic agricultural by-products for composite applications has been of great interest, especially for reinforcing matrices. The matrices can themselves be of renewable origin (e.g., proteins, starch, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polyamides, etc.), thus contributing to the development of 100% bio-based composites with a controlled end of life. This Special Issue’s objective is to give an inventory of the latest research in this area of composites reinforced with natural fibers, focusing in particular on the preparation and molding processes of such materials (e.g., extrusion, injection-molding, hot pressing, etc.) and their characterization. It contains one review and nineteen research reports authored by researchers from four continents and sixteen countries, namely, Brazil, China, France, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Poland, Qatar, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, and Vietnam. It provides an update on current research in the field of natural fiber based composite materials. All these contributions will be a source of inspiration for the development of new composites, especially for producers of natural fibers, polymer matrices of renewable origin and composite materials. Generally speaking, these new materials are environmentally friendly and will undoubtedly find numerous applications in the years to come in many sectors. Dr. Philippe Evon Guest Editor

biopolymers --- sunflower protein concentrate --- municipal bio-waste --- urea --- slow-release fertilizers --- lime mortar --- mucilaginous plants --- bio-products --- Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) characterization --- cellulosic --- fiber --- flame retardant --- ecofriendly --- cotton --- coating --- exterior wall paints --- stain resistance --- western city --- volatile organic compounds (VOCs) --- cellulose nanofiber --- pretreatment --- lignin --- hemicellulose --- physicochemical properties --- natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites --- chemical treatments --- natural fibers --- manufacturing techniques --- green composites --- amaranth stem --- bark --- pith --- insulation blocks --- hardboards --- green composite --- nonwoven --- sound absorption --- structure --- profiling --- natural dye --- Himalayan balsam --- invasive plant --- printing --- textile --- paper --- olive stone --- biocomposite --- LCA --- circular economy --- filler --- sericin --- poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) --- cotton fabrics --- electrospinning --- microcapsules --- chitosan --- essential oil --- bio functional material --- chitin nanofiber --- composite particle --- Pickering emulsion polymerization --- polystyrene --- scaled-down --- wastewater treatment --- differential scanning calorimetry --- tensile properties --- proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- packaging --- hybrid yarns --- hemp --- PA11 --- woven fabric --- bio-based composite --- mechanical characterisation --- biobased carbon materials --- meso- and microporous carbons --- dye adsorption --- chemical adsorption --- electrostatic interactions --- flax tows --- ultrasound --- gamma treatment --- DVS --- environmental analysis --- mechanical properties --- composite materials --- linseed flax --- straw --- fibre mechanical extraction --- shives --- mean fibre length --- mean fibre diameter --- geotextiles --- antibacterial activity --- kapok fibre --- polycaprolactone --- sound-absorption performance --- fractal dimension --- epoxy --- sustainability --- flame retardancy --- coffee wastes --- biowaste --- n/a