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The new frontier of pharmaceutical sciences is gene therapy, which is the use of molecules able to interact directly with the expression of the genetic material of the patient as well as of the disease-causing guest (bacteria, virus, parasites, and tumor cells). Among the molecules of interest for gene therapy, a relevant role is played by small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules able to interfere with the expression of genes of interest for some diseases. However, siRNA molecules, even if they are powerful as drugs, are difficult to deliver since they are sensitive to enzymes present in plasma and they are large and negatively charged, so are difficult to administer into the cell nuclei, since the cell walls are scarcely permeable to large molecules and are also negatively charged. Therefore, the focus of research on siRNA-based therapies is their delivery, which can be performed by chemical modification, association with aptamers or polycations, or embedding them into properly designed liposomes. This book is centered on the more recent development in siRNA delivery techniques toward the clinical applications of this potent class of drugs.

Medicine --- oligonucleotide delivery --- light-activated release --- intracellular release --- liposome --- indocyanine green --- drug co-delivery --- methotrexate --- siRNA --- antitumor effect --- mixed micelles --- targeted delivery system --- cationic liposome --- folate --- folate receptor --- cationic cholesterol derivative --- siRNA delivery --- gene knockdown --- tumor-targeting --- VEGFA --- VEGFR1 --- endoglin --- peptide --- angiogenesis --- gene silencing --- migration --- proliferation --- endothelial cells --- RNAi therapeutics --- amphiphilic dendrons --- PAMAM dendrimers --- self-assembling --- nanovectors --- covalent dendrimers --- NABDs --- liposomes --- clinical trials --- drug delivery --- nanoparticle --- carbonate apatite --- ERBB2 --- AKT --- breast cancer --- ovarian cancer --- polymer --- lipid --- delivery --- poly(ethylene) imine --- PEI --- RNA --- tyrosine-modification --- tumor xenograft --- magnetic nanoparticle --- iron oxide --- BCL2 --- BIRC5/survivin --- oral cancer --- aptamers --- cancer --- nanoparticles --- STAT6 --- polyaspartamide --- pegylation --- polyamine --- polyplexes --- asthma --- oligonucleotide delivery --- light-activated release --- intracellular release --- liposome --- indocyanine green --- drug co-delivery --- methotrexate --- siRNA --- antitumor effect --- mixed micelles --- targeted delivery system --- cationic liposome --- folate --- folate receptor --- cationic cholesterol derivative --- siRNA delivery --- gene knockdown --- tumor-targeting --- VEGFA --- VEGFR1 --- endoglin --- peptide --- angiogenesis --- gene silencing --- migration --- proliferation --- endothelial cells --- RNAi therapeutics --- amphiphilic dendrons --- PAMAM dendrimers --- self-assembling --- nanovectors --- covalent dendrimers --- NABDs --- liposomes --- clinical trials --- drug delivery --- nanoparticle --- carbonate apatite --- ERBB2 --- AKT --- breast cancer --- ovarian cancer --- polymer --- lipid --- delivery --- poly(ethylene) imine --- PEI --- RNA --- tyrosine-modification --- tumor xenograft --- magnetic nanoparticle --- iron oxide --- BCL2 --- BIRC5/survivin --- oral cancer --- aptamers --- cancer --- nanoparticles --- STAT6 --- polyaspartamide --- pegylation --- polyamine --- polyplexes --- asthma

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This book focuses on how nanoscale systems can be used to deliver molecules to help with cancer management. It provides a broad overview of some of the key strategies for nanocarrier design. These strategies are brought together by the wide compositional variety of these systems and the diversity of molecules that may be carried. Additionally, functionalization strategies, codelivery, and combination with other treatment modalities highlight a very active research field.

Medicine --- Pharmacology --- nanostructured lipid carriers --- doxorubicin --- mucositis --- cell internalization --- albumin --- BSA --- CPP --- gold nanorods --- gold nanoprisms --- arginine-rich peptide --- glutathione --- nanoparticles --- oxidative stress --- breast cancer --- gastric cancer --- nanoparticle --- fucoidan --- d-alpha-tocopherylpoly (ethylene glycol) succinate --- combination chemotherapy --- G-quadruplex --- nucleolin --- DNA nanocages --- intracellular localization --- cancer targeting --- molecular dynamics simulations --- mesoporous silica nanoparticles --- radiotherapy --- immunotherapy --- tumor microenvironment --- abscopal effect --- magnetofection in vivo --- magnetic nanoparticles --- iron oxide --- gene delivery --- gene vectors --- codelivery nanocarriers --- photodynamic therapy --- anticancer therapies --- combination therapy --- phthalocyanine --- uterine cervical neoplasms --- photochemotherapy --- in vitro --- in vivo --- nanocarrier --- polyplexes --- siRNA delivery --- glioblastoma therapy --- amphiphilic poly(α)glutamate --- P-selectin --- prodrug --- drug delivery --- targeted therapy --- chemotherapy --- prostate cancer --- prostate-specific membrane antigen --- targeted delivery --- encapsulation --- cabazitaxel --- nanocarriers --- nanosystems --- radiosensitizer --- hypoxia --- synergism --- cancer --- photothermal therapy --- combined antitumor effect --- oxygenation --- hydrogel --- hypoxic tumor --- n/a

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Antioxidative polyphenols represented by tannins and flavonoids are rich in numerous food sources and traditional natural medicines and currently attracting increased attention in health care and food industries because of their multiple biological activities that are favorable to human health. Commemorating the outstanding achievements on tannins by Dr. Takuo Okuda on the occasion of his passing away in December 2016, his colleagues, friends, and worldwide experts of polyphenol research have contributed 18 papers on their recent study to the Special Issue of Molecules. This book is its reprinted form. This covers reviews of structural features, historical usages, and biological activities of unique class of ellagitannins and condensed tannins, and original articles on the most up-to-date findings on the anticancer effect of green tea catechins, the antivirus effect of tannins comparing with the clinically used drugs, the analytical method of ellagitannins using quantitative NMR, the chemical structures of Hydrangea-blue complex (pigment) and condensed tannins in Ephedra sinica and purple prairie clover, and the relationship of condensed tannins in legumes and grape-marc with methane production in the in vitro ruminant system, and others. This book will be useful to natural product chemists and also to researchers in pharmaceutical and/or food industry.

Coreopsis lanceolata L. --- UV-Vis --- methanogenesis --- Lythraceae --- flavanone --- grape marc --- TDDFT --- Ephedra sinica --- macrocyclic oligomer --- triple-negative breast cancer --- antioxidant --- purple prairie clover --- chalcone --- neuraminidase --- fatty acid synthase --- (?)-epigallocatechin gallate --- epidermal growth factor --- NMR spectroscopy --- Aluminum ion --- Onagraceae --- Hydrangea macrophylla --- synthetic analogues --- blue color development --- amyloid-? peptide --- FTIR --- oseltamivir carboxylate --- quantitative NMR --- phloroglucinolysis --- thin layer chromatography --- European historic leathers --- FASN inhibition --- ECD --- colorimetric tests --- taxanes --- cynandione A --- conservation method --- 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid --- ellagitannin --- PC12 --- condensed tannin --- Trapa taiwanensis Nakai --- 1H-NMR --- Acacia --- (?)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate --- Geranium thunbergii --- condensed tannins --- immunomodulatory effect --- Acacia mearnsii bark --- Escherichia coli --- oligomer --- Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction --- lung tumor --- Aspergillus fumigates --- in vitro batch fermentation --- metal complex --- Myrtaceae --- Cynanchum auriculatum --- molecular interactions --- phenolic glycoside --- bamboo leaf extract --- stability --- Microsporum canis --- Cynanchum wilfordii --- thiolysis --- anti-inflammation --- hydrolysable tannin --- geraniin --- NGF --- polyphenol --- revision --- ESI-mass --- bioactivity --- antifungal activities --- interferon-? --- antitumor effect --- tannin composition --- oenothein B --- zanamivir --- 2-O-?-laminaribiosyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone --- anticancer activity --- proanthocyanidin --- vegetable tanning --- Dittrichia viscosa --- differentiation --- aurone --- antioxidants --- protein precipitation --- apoptosis --- polyphenolic FASN inhibitors --- forage legume --- biological activities --- ultrahigh-resolution negative mode MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry --- overlay method --- spectroscopy --- wattle tannin --- immune checkpoint --- hormesis --- 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin --- gallotannin --- proanthocyanidins --- fatty acids --- flavonol --- inhibition --- structure --- Candida spp. --- Malassezia spp. --- ORAC assay --- neuroprotection --- crystal structure --- tannins