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Viruses exhibit an elegant simplicity as they are so basic, but so frightening. Although only a few are life threatening, they have substantial implications for human health and the economy, as exemplified by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Viruses are rather small infectious agents found in all types of life forms, from animals and plants to prokaryotes and archaebacteria. They are obligate intracellular parasites, and as such, subvert many molecular and cellular processes of the host cell to ensure their own replication, amplification, and subsequent spread. This Special Issue addresses the cell biology of viral infections based on a collection of original research articles, communications, opinions, and reviews on various aspects of virus–host cell interactions. Together, these articles not only provide a glance into the latest research on the cell biology of viral infections but also include novel technological developments.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- ectoderm --- mesoderm --- human development --- embryogenesis --- interferon response --- interferon-induced genes --- self-organizing map (SOM) data portrayal --- epigenetic signature --- embryoid body --- TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin pathway --- interferon --- tumor necrosis factor --- STAT --- interferon regulatory factor --- antiviral --- autoimmunity --- inflammation --- hepatitis C virus --- HCV --- erlin-1 --- erlin-2 --- host factor --- endoplasmic reticulum --- RNA replication --- protein production --- virus production --- lipid droplet --- TAP-GFP --- fluorescent TAP platform --- antigen presentation --- MHC I --- immune evasion --- BoHV-1 UL49.5 --- virus --- calcium channels --- calcium pumps --- virus–host interaction --- Ebola virus --- filovirus --- inclusion bodies --- NXF1 --- liquid organelles --- mRNA export --- cancer immunotherapy --- oncolytic virus --- herpes simplex virus --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- angiogenesis inhibitor --- rabies --- uDISCO --- 3D imaging --- rabies pathogenicity --- astrocyte infection --- metabolism --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- HIV-1 spread --- cell-free infection --- cell–cell transmission --- 3D cultures --- mathematical modeling --- environmental restriction --- CAD --- pyrimidine synthesis --- HEV --- particle production --- viral replication --- virus entry --- hantavirus --- Tula virus --- replication --- factory --- RNA synthesis --- Golgi --- stress granules --- actin cytoskeleton --- nucleocapsid transport --- Arp2/3 complex --- ERAP2 --- ERAP2/Iso3 --- microbial infections --- alternative splicing --- SARS-CoV-2 --- host cell response --- coronavirus --- MERS-CoV --- SARS-CoV --- sialic acid --- Siglec --- antiviral peptide --- enveloped viruses --- membrane phosphatidylserine --- envelope disruption --- membrane damage --- antiviral autophagy --- galectin --- bacterial invasion --- adenovirus --- lysophagy --- ESCRT machinery --- cedar virus --- henipavirus --- fusion protein --- endocytosis --- biological activity --- feline coronavirus --- feline enteric coronavirus --- FECV --- feline infectious peritonitis virus --- FIPV --- feline intestinal organoids --- alphaviruses --- cell death --- mosquito --- tolerance

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The very first marine-derived anticancer drug, Cytarabine (aka Ara-C, Cytosar-U®), was approved by the FDA in 1969 for the treatment of leukemia. At the beginning of 2021, the list of approved marine-derived anticancer drugs consists of nine substances, five of which received approval within the last two years, demonstrating the rapid evolution of the field. The current book is a collection of scientific articles related to the exponentially growing field of anticancer marine compounds. These articles cover the whole field, from agents with cancer-preventive activity, to novel and previously characterized compounds with anticancer activity, both in vitro and in vivo, as well as the latest status of compounds under clinical development.

Medicine --- apoptosis --- fucoidan --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- reactive oxygen species --- 3-alkylpyridinium polymers --- nicotine --- nicotinic acetylcholine receptor --- non-small cell lung carcinoma --- melanoma --- sinulariolide --- proteomic --- mitochondria --- caspase cascade --- marine fungus --- sediment --- anthranilic acid --- Penicillium paneum --- cytotoxicity --- dibromotyrosine --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- oxidative stress --- topoisomerase --- epigonal organ --- bonnethead shark --- Jurkat --- tumor cell line --- hippuristanol --- PEL --- AP-1 --- STAT3 --- Akt --- colorectal cancer --- marine mollusc --- brominated indoles --- shrimp --- chemoprevention --- fatty acids --- carotenoids --- cancer --- nanoparticle --- osteosarcoma --- lung metastasis --- elisidepsin --- lipid rafts --- hydroxylated lipids --- fatty acid 2-hydroxylase --- cooperative binding --- membrane permeabilization --- marine organisms --- polysaccharides --- anticancer --- anticarcinogenic --- mechanisms of action --- fumigaclavine C --- anti-proliferation --- mitochondrial pathway --- anti-cancer --- anti-proliferative --- carotenoid --- cell cycle arrest --- fucoxanthin --- azoxymethane --- bioactive natural product --- isatin --- in vivo model --- Marthasterias glacialis L. --- palmitic acid --- ER-stress --- CHOP --- Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) --- marine antitumor agents --- clinical trials --- approved antitumor agents --- AD0157 --- angiogenesis --- marine drug --- pyrrolidinedione --- secondary metabolites --- cancer preventive --- chemopreventive --- trabectedin --- plitidepsin --- tumor-associated macrophages --- tumor microenvironment --- preclinical --- anticancer immunity --- antiangiogenesis --- fascaplysin --- cyclin-dependent kinase --- small cell lung cancer --- camptothecin --- poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase inhibitor --- breast cancer --- seaweed --- therapeutic compounds --- autophagy --- marine drugs --- autophagy inhibitors --- autophagy inducers --- macrolide --- programmed cell death --- energy stress --- araguspongine C --- c-Met --- HER2 --- gemcitabine --- pazopanib --- phase I --- safety --- soft tissue sarcoma --- pachastrissamine --- jaspine B --- carbocyclic analogue --- sphingosine kinase inhibitor --- molecular modeling --- ET-743 --- DNA minor groove binder --- soft tissue sarcoma --- chemotherapy --- bis (2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-methane (BDDPM) --- anti-metastatic activity --- cell adhesion --- β1-integrin --- FAK --- BEL-7402 cell --- triterpene glycosides --- sea cucumbers --- antitumor activities --- arrest of cell cycle --- antibacterial --- marangucyclines --- deep-sea --- Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 11594 --- LS-1 --- SNU-C5/5-FU --- TGF-β signaling --- carcinoembryonic antigen --- kalkitoxin --- Moorea producens --- mitochondria toxin --- VEGF --- angiogenesis inhibitor --- hypoxia-inducible factor-1 --- HIF-1 --- Lyngbya majuscula --- marine metabolites --- SZ-685C --- nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas --- Ecklonia cava --- phlorotannins --- dieckol --- migration --- sipholenol A --- ABC transporter --- multidrug resistance --- P-gp/ABCB1 --- BCRP/ABCG2 --- MRP1/ABCC1 --- marine natural products --- glioblastoma --- xyloketal B --- proliferation --- TRPM7 --- marine compound --- ribosomal protein genes --- snoRNA --- FAU --- RPS30 --- SNORA62 --- evolution --- Porifera --- Penicillium brevicompactum --- Brevianamide --- Mycochromenic acid derivative --- antifouling --- Caribbean sponge --- plakortide --- endoperoxide --- leukemia --- multi-drug resistant leukemia --- Sarcophyton ehrenbergi --- soft coral --- terpenes --- cembranoids --- cytotoxic activity --- molecular docking --- uveal melanoma --- oxidative stress --- virtual screening --- Topo I inhibitor --- low toxic --- natural product --- Ulva fasciata --- selenium-containing polysaccharide-protein complex --- pseudopterosin --- NF-κB --- p65 --- inflammation --- cytokine release --- IL-6 --- TNFα --- MCP-1 --- glucocorticoid receptor --- paulomycins --- Micromonospora --- antitumor --- Cantabrian Sea-derived actinobacteria --- puupehenones --- sponges --- antiangiogenic --- antitumoral --- porifera/sponge --- cancer genes --- molecular oncology --- bromophenol --- molecular mechanisms --- cell cycle --- PI3K/Akt --- p38/ERK --- ROS --- human lung cancer --- glycosaminoglycans --- antiproliferative --- heparan sulphate --- gliotoxin --- NSCLC --- adriamycin resistance --- Sepia ink polysaccharides --- antitumour --- chemosensitization --- anticoagulation --- sea anemone --- drug discovery --- endothelial cells --- RGD motif --- kunitz type inhibitor --- prostate cancer --- antioxidant --- natural marine compounds --- marine biotechnology --- microalgae --- marine sponges --- Aeroplysinin --- Isofistularin --- pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma --- metastasis --- cancer progression --- cell adhesion molecules --- integrin β1 --- hypoxia --- phycocyanin --- non-small cell lung cancer --- NF-κB signaling --- marine-derived drugs --- bioanalysis --- chromatography --- manzamine A --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- lung cancer --- circulating tumor cells --- signal transduction --- cisplatin --- Lampetra morii --- buccal gland --- cystatin F --- anti-angiogenesis --- cystatin superfamily --- Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) --- Tilapia piscidin 4 (TP4) --- non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) --- itampolin A --- FBDD --- p38α --- novel inhibitor --- tetracenomycin X --- cyclin D1 --- proteasomal degradation --- p38 --- c-JUN --- λ-carrageenan --- heparanase --- anticoagulant --- depolymerisation --- cell migration --- Aspergillus --- naphthopyrones --- endophytic fungus --- Leathesia nana --- mangrove-derived actinomycete --- ansamycins --- divergolides --- apoptosis-inducing activity --- actinomycin --- EMT --- invasion --- low molecular weight fucoidan extract --- N-Ras --- neuroblastoma-rat sarcoma --- Cancer --- programmed cell death-ligand 1 --- programmed cell death-ligand 2 --- human sarcoma cell line (HT1080 cells) --- human normal diploid fibroblast (TIG-1 cells) --- chimera --- chemical conjugation --- anticancer agent --- hybridization --- α9-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) --- breast cancer cells --- αO-conotoxin GeXIVA --- targeted therapy --- gorgonian --- Leptogorgia --- humulane sesquiterpenoids --- anticancer activity --- 12-deacetyl-12-epi-scalaradial --- HeLa cells --- Nur77 --- MAPK/ERK pathway --- Mycalin A --- C15 acetogenins --- synthetic analogues --- antiproliferative activity --- A375 and HeLa cell lines --- polyoxygenated steroids --- sponge --- Haliclona gracilis --- Thalassia testudinum --- thalassiolin B --- polyphenols --- CYP1A1 --- benzo[a]pyrene --- JNK1/2 --- natural products --- synergism --- A549 cells --- cytoskeleton --- P2X7 receptor --- pollution --- anti-angiogenic --- gene expression --- HSP90 --- inhibitor --- apoptosis --- fucoidan --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- reactive oxygen species --- 3-alkylpyridinium polymers --- nicotine --- nicotinic acetylcholine receptor --- non-small cell lung carcinoma --- melanoma --- sinulariolide --- proteomic --- mitochondria --- caspase cascade --- marine fungus --- sediment --- anthranilic acid --- Penicillium paneum --- cytotoxicity --- dibromotyrosine --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- oxidative stress --- topoisomerase --- epigonal organ --- bonnethead shark --- Jurkat --- tumor cell line --- hippuristanol --- PEL --- AP-1 --- STAT3 --- Akt --- colorectal cancer --- marine mollusc --- brominated indoles --- shrimp --- chemoprevention --- fatty acids --- carotenoids --- cancer --- nanoparticle --- osteosarcoma --- lung metastasis --- elisidepsin --- lipid rafts --- hydroxylated lipids --- fatty acid 2-hydroxylase --- cooperative binding --- membrane permeabilization --- marine organisms --- polysaccharides --- anticancer --- anticarcinogenic --- mechanisms of action --- fumigaclavine C --- anti-proliferation --- mitochondrial pathway --- anti-cancer --- anti-proliferative --- carotenoid --- cell cycle arrest --- fucoxanthin --- azoxymethane --- bioactive natural product --- isatin --- in vivo model --- Marthasterias glacialis L. --- palmitic acid --- ER-stress --- CHOP --- Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) --- marine antitumor agents --- clinical trials --- approved antitumor agents --- AD0157 --- angiogenesis --- marine drug --- pyrrolidinedione --- secondary metabolites --- cancer preventive --- chemopreventive --- trabectedin --- plitidepsin --- tumor-associated macrophages --- tumor microenvironment --- preclinical --- anticancer immunity --- antiangiogenesis --- fascaplysin --- cyclin-dependent kinase --- small cell lung cancer --- camptothecin --- poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase inhibitor --- breast cancer --- seaweed --- therapeutic compounds --- autophagy --- marine drugs --- autophagy inhibitors --- autophagy inducers --- macrolide --- programmed cell death --- energy stress --- araguspongine C --- c-Met --- HER2 --- gemcitabine --- pazopanib --- phase I --- safety --- soft tissue sarcoma --- pachastrissamine --- jaspine B --- carbocyclic analogue --- sphingosine kinase inhibitor --- molecular modeling --- ET-743 --- DNA minor groove binder --- soft tissue sarcoma --- chemotherapy --- bis (2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-methane (BDDPM) --- anti-metastatic activity --- cell adhesion --- β1-integrin --- FAK --- BEL-7402 cell --- triterpene glycosides --- sea cucumbers --- antitumor activities --- arrest of cell cycle --- antibacterial --- marangucyclines --- deep-sea --- Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 11594 --- LS-1 --- SNU-C5/5-FU --- TGF-β signaling --- carcinoembryonic antigen --- kalkitoxin --- Moorea producens --- mitochondria toxin --- VEGF --- angiogenesis inhibitor --- hypoxia-inducible factor-1 --- HIF-1 --- Lyngbya majuscula --- marine metabolites --- SZ-685C --- nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas --- Ecklonia cava --- phlorotannins --- dieckol --- migration --- sipholenol A --- ABC transporter --- multidrug resistance --- P-gp/ABCB1 --- BCRP/ABCG2 --- MRP1/ABCC1 --- marine natural products --- glioblastoma --- xyloketal B --- proliferation --- TRPM7 --- marine compound --- ribosomal protein genes --- snoRNA --- FAU --- RPS30 --- SNORA62 --- evolution --- Porifera --- Penicillium brevicompactum --- Brevianamide --- Mycochromenic acid derivative --- antifouling --- Caribbean sponge --- plakortide --- endoperoxide --- leukemia --- multi-drug resistant leukemia --- Sarcophyton ehrenbergi --- soft coral --- terpenes --- cembranoids --- cytotoxic activity --- molecular docking --- uveal melanoma --- oxidative stress --- virtual screening --- Topo I inhibitor --- low toxic --- natural product --- Ulva fasciata --- selenium-containing polysaccharide-protein complex --- pseudopterosin --- NF-κB --- p65 --- inflammation --- cytokine release --- IL-6 --- TNFα --- MCP-1 --- glucocorticoid receptor --- paulomycins --- Micromonospora --- antitumor --- Cantabrian Sea-derived actinobacteria --- puupehenones --- sponges --- antiangiogenic --- antitumoral --- porifera/sponge --- cancer genes --- molecular oncology --- bromophenol --- molecular mechanisms --- cell cycle --- PI3K/Akt --- p38/ERK --- ROS --- human lung cancer --- glycosaminoglycans --- antiproliferative --- heparan sulphate --- gliotoxin --- NSCLC --- adriamycin resistance --- Sepia ink polysaccharides --- antitumour --- chemosensitization --- anticoagulation --- sea anemone --- drug discovery --- endothelial cells --- RGD motif --- kunitz type inhibitor --- prostate cancer --- antioxidant --- natural marine compounds --- marine biotechnology --- microalgae --- marine sponges --- Aeroplysinin --- Isofistularin --- pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma --- metastasis --- cancer progression --- cell adhesion molecules --- integrin β1 --- hypoxia --- phycocyanin --- non-small cell lung cancer --- NF-κB signaling --- marine-derived drugs --- bioanalysis --- chromatography --- manzamine A --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- lung cancer --- circulating tumor cells --- signal transduction --- cisplatin --- Lampetra morii --- buccal gland --- cystatin F --- anti-angiogenesis --- cystatin superfamily --- Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) --- Tilapia piscidin 4 (TP4) --- non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) --- itampolin A --- FBDD --- p38α --- novel inhibitor --- tetracenomycin X --- cyclin D1 --- proteasomal degradation --- p38 --- c-JUN --- λ-carrageenan --- heparanase --- anticoagulant --- depolymerisation --- cell migration --- Aspergillus --- naphthopyrones --- endophytic fungus --- Leathesia nana --- mangrove-derived actinomycete --- ansamycins --- divergolides --- apoptosis-inducing activity --- actinomycin --- EMT --- invasion --- low molecular weight fucoidan extract --- N-Ras --- neuroblastoma-rat sarcoma --- Cancer --- programmed cell death-ligand 1 --- programmed cell death-ligand 2 --- human sarcoma cell line (HT1080 cells) --- human normal diploid fibroblast (TIG-1 cells) --- chimera --- chemical conjugation --- anticancer agent --- hybridization --- α9-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) --- breast cancer cells --- αO-conotoxin GeXIVA --- targeted therapy --- gorgonian --- Leptogorgia --- humulane sesquiterpenoids --- anticancer activity --- 12-deacetyl-12-epi-scalaradial --- HeLa cells --- Nur77 --- MAPK/ERK pathway --- Mycalin A --- C15 acetogenins --- synthetic analogues --- antiproliferative activity --- A375 and HeLa cell lines --- polyoxygenated steroids --- sponge --- Haliclona gracilis --- Thalassia testudinum --- thalassiolin B --- polyphenols --- CYP1A1 --- benzo[a]pyrene --- JNK1/2 --- natural products --- synergism --- A549 cells --- cytoskeleton --- P2X7 receptor --- pollution --- anti-angiogenic --- gene expression --- HSP90 --- inhibitor