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The representation of the Earth's surface in global monitoring and forecasting applications is moving towards capturing more of the relevant processes, while maintaining elevated computational efficiency and therefore a moderate complexity. These schemes are developed and continuously improved thanks to well instrumented field-sites that can observe coupled processes occurring at the surface–atmosphere interface (e.g., forest, grassland, cropland areas and diverse climate zones). Approaching global kilometer-scale resolutions, in situ observations alone cannot fulfil the modelling needs, and the use of satellite observation becomes essential to guide modelling innovation and to calibrate and validate new parameterization schemes that can support data assimilation applications. In this book, we review some of the recent contributions, highlighting how satellite data are used to inform Earth surface model development (vegetation state and seasonality, soil moisture conditions, surface temperature and turbulent fluxes, land-use change detection, agricultural indicators and irrigation) when moving towards global km-scale resolutions.

direct and inverse methods --- absorption coefficient --- emissivity --- land-surface model --- n/a --- variational retrieval --- temporal autocorrelation --- Bayesian bias correction --- hyperspectral --- infrared --- BRDF --- satellite rainfall --- MCD43C1 --- penetration depth --- RTTOV --- earth-observations --- earth system modelling --- representative depth --- land --- Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary --- CDOM --- soil moisture --- surface --- Maqu network --- surface soil moisture --- MODIS --- soil effective temperature --- GOCI --- microwave remote sensing --- rain gauge --- QAA inversion --- broadband emissivity --- radiation --- surface parameters --- satellite data --- East Africa

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Infrared (IR) technologies—from Herschel’s initial experiment in the 1800s to thermal detector development in the 1900s, followed by defense-focused developments using HgCdTe—have now incorporated a myriad of novel materials for a wide variety of applications in numerous high-impact fields. These include astronomy applications; composition identifications; toxic gas and explosive detection; medical diagnostics; and industrial, commercial, imaging, and security applications. Various types of semiconductor-based (including quantum well, dot, ring, wire, dot in well, hetero and/or homo junction, Type II super lattice, and Schottky) IR (photon) detectors, based on various materials (type IV, III-V, and II-VI), have been developed to satisfy these needs. Currently, room temperature detectors operating over a wide wavelength range from near IR to terahertz are available in various forms, including focal plane array cameras. Recent advances include performance enhancements by using surface Plasmon and ultrafast, high-sensitivity 2D materials for infrared sensing. Specialized detectors with features such as multiband, selectable wavelength, polarization sensitive, high operating temperature, and high performance (including but not limited to very low dark currents) are also being developed. This Special Issue highlights advances in these various types of infrared detectors based on various material systems.

microbolometer --- infrared sensor --- complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) --- high sensitivity --- temperature sensor --- microresonator --- MEMS --- clamped–clamped beam --- thermal detector --- Infrared detector --- strained layer superlattice --- InAs/InAsSb --- absorption coefficient --- barrier detector --- high operating temperature --- manganite --- heterostructure --- photodetector --- heterostructures --- split-off band --- wavelength extension --- device performance --- ultrasound transducer --- photoacoustic imaging --- piezoelectric --- micromachined --- CMUT --- PMUT --- optical ultrasound detection --- type-II superlattice --- infrared detector --- mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) --- unipolar barrier --- InAs/GaSb --- T2SL --- IR --- TE-cooled --- spectroscopy --- RoHS --- MCT --- n/a --- clamped-clamped beam

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The book entitled “Polymer Materials in Environmental Chemistry” focuses on functionalized natural/synthetic polymeric materials and their preparation, characterization, and multidimensional applications. This book extensively appraises the research papers on the latest developments of the functionalized natural/synthetic polymers, such as the effect of functionalized polymeric additives on the degradation of aliphatic polyesters, development of nanoparticle functionalized bio-based or composite polymeric structures, water or wastewater purification, natural fibers or clay-based hybrid polymers and their applications, environmental remediation of antibiotics and dyes using polymer-based nanofibers, bio-based polymeric conjugate for the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles and their catalytic degradation of ecological pollutant, polymeric-grafted membranes based on ethyl cellulose for gas separation, and polyamide–laccase nanofiber membranes for the degradation of organic and antibiotics from water. Additionally, the book envisages the reviews on recent developments in the techniques and visualization of biopolymer structures and their derivatives and fabrication and characterization of polymeric nanofibers via multidimensional electrospinning techniques and their appliances in environmental pollutant removal.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- laccase --- polyamide 6 --- nanofibers --- wastewater treatment --- endocrine disrupting chemicals --- ethyl cellulose --- liquid --- imidazole --- membrane --- gas permeation properties --- green synthesis --- biopolymers --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- catalytic reduction --- 4-nitrophenol --- ciprofloxacin --- adsorption --- protein --- moringa seeds --- nanosilica --- two-step model --- coaxial electrospinning --- core-sheath nanofibers --- environmental remediation --- unspinnable liquid --- nanocoating --- microstructures --- nanostructures --- surface morphology --- filler dispersion --- chemical composition --- optical microscopy --- scanning electron microscopy --- transmission electron microscopy --- atomic force microscopy --- chemical quality --- sensorial quality --- chicken feet --- collagen --- health care product --- gelatin --- biofilms --- sound absorption coefficient --- impact strength --- flexural strength --- coefficient of thermal expansion --- bio-composite --- PET fibers --- Cloisite --- flame retardancy --- LOI --- TGA --- FTIR --- SEM --- WAXS --- SAXS --- graphene --- nanocomposite --- Acid Blue 129 --- silk fibers --- ZnO --- nanoflakes --- photo-degradation --- dye removal --- antibacterial efficiency --- biosafety --- flocculation --- removal efficiency --- wastewater --- biodegradable polyesters --- plant substances --- composting --- laccase --- polyamide 6 --- nanofibers --- wastewater treatment --- endocrine disrupting chemicals --- ethyl cellulose --- liquid --- imidazole --- membrane --- gas permeation properties --- green synthesis --- biopolymers --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- catalytic reduction --- 4-nitrophenol --- ciprofloxacin --- adsorption --- protein --- moringa seeds --- nanosilica --- two-step model --- coaxial electrospinning --- core-sheath nanofibers --- environmental remediation --- unspinnable liquid --- nanocoating --- microstructures --- nanostructures --- surface morphology --- filler dispersion --- chemical composition --- optical microscopy --- scanning electron microscopy --- transmission electron microscopy --- atomic force microscopy --- chemical quality --- sensorial quality --- chicken feet --- collagen --- health care product --- gelatin --- biofilms --- sound absorption coefficient --- impact strength --- flexural strength --- coefficient of thermal expansion --- bio-composite --- PET fibers --- Cloisite --- flame retardancy --- LOI --- TGA --- FTIR --- SEM --- WAXS --- SAXS --- graphene --- nanocomposite --- Acid Blue 129 --- silk fibers --- ZnO --- nanoflakes --- photo-degradation --- dye removal --- antibacterial efficiency --- biosafety --- flocculation --- removal efficiency --- wastewater --- biodegradable polyesters --- plant substances --- composting

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Wood composites have shown very good performance and substantial service lives when correctly specified for the exposure risks present. The selection of an appropriate product for the job should be accompanied by decisions about the appropriate protection, whether this is by design, by preservative treatment, or by wood modification techniques. This Special Issue, “Advances in Wood Composites II”, presents recent progress in enhancing and refining the performance and properties of wood composites by chemical and thermal modification and the application of smart nanomaterials. Such enhancements and refinements have made wood composites a particular area of interest for researchers. In addition, this Special Issue reviews some important aspects in the field of wood composites, with particular focus on their materials, applications, and engineering and scientific advances, including solutions inspired biomimetically by the structure of wood and wood composites. This Special Issue, as a collection of 14 original contributions, provides selected examples of recent advances in wood composites.

History of engineering & technology --- EPDM rubber --- wood sawdust --- electron beam irradiation --- dibenzoyl peroxide --- cross-liking --- physico-chemical characteristics --- feather protein --- wood preservatives --- nano-carrier --- treatability --- decay resistance --- short-rotation --- aspen --- willow --- injection molding --- biocomposite --- tensile strength --- bending strength --- microstructure behavior --- viscoelasticity --- WPC --- HDPE --- composite --- wood --- creep --- thermoplastic --- flexure --- power law --- modeling --- fire retardants --- fire retardancy --- graphene --- nano-materials --- wollastonite --- black locust wood --- ammonia treated wood --- colour change --- dynamic mechanical analysis --- birch plywood --- veneer-drying temperature --- formaldehyde emission --- modulus of elasticity --- bonding strength --- thickness swelling --- water absorption --- transparent wood --- orthogonal test --- partial delignification --- light transmittance --- morphological structure --- sorption behavior --- sorption fitting model --- compositional analysis --- hydroxyl accessibility --- engineering materials --- composite panels --- chicken feather --- cell-wall polymers --- thermal conductivity coefficient --- natural materials --- spruce and larch bark --- sound absorption coefficient --- impedance tube --- biomass --- up-cycling --- plywood --- densification --- core layer temperature --- bonding quality --- hot pressing --- veneer stack heating --- wood composites --- wood composite binders --- synthetic wood adhesives --- biosourced wood adhesives --- environment-friendly --- new approaches --- n/a

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Wood composites have shown very good performance and substantial service lives when correctly specified for the exposure risks present. The selection of an appropriate product for the job should be accompanied by decisions about the appropriate protection, whether this is by design, by preservative treatment, or by wood modification techniques. This Special Issue, “Advances in Wood Composites II”, presents recent progress in enhancing and refining the performance and properties of wood composites by chemical and thermal modification and the application of smart nanomaterials. Such enhancements and refinements have made wood composites a particular area of interest for researchers. In addition, this Special Issue reviews some important aspects in the field of wood composites, with particular focus on their materials, applications, and engineering and scientific advances, including solutions inspired biomimetically by the structure of wood and wood composites. This Special Issue, as a collection of 14 original contributions, provides selected examples of recent advances in wood composites.

EPDM rubber --- wood sawdust --- electron beam irradiation --- dibenzoyl peroxide --- cross-liking --- physico-chemical characteristics --- feather protein --- wood preservatives --- nano-carrier --- treatability --- decay resistance --- short-rotation --- aspen --- willow --- injection molding --- biocomposite --- tensile strength --- bending strength --- microstructure behavior --- viscoelasticity --- WPC --- HDPE --- composite --- wood --- creep --- thermoplastic --- flexure --- power law --- modeling --- fire retardants --- fire retardancy --- graphene --- nano-materials --- wollastonite --- black locust wood --- ammonia treated wood --- colour change --- dynamic mechanical analysis --- birch plywood --- veneer-drying temperature --- formaldehyde emission --- modulus of elasticity --- bonding strength --- thickness swelling --- water absorption --- transparent wood --- orthogonal test --- partial delignification --- light transmittance --- morphological structure --- sorption behavior --- sorption fitting model --- compositional analysis --- hydroxyl accessibility --- engineering materials --- composite panels --- chicken feather --- cell-wall polymers --- thermal conductivity coefficient --- natural materials --- spruce and larch bark --- sound absorption coefficient --- impedance tube --- biomass --- up-cycling --- plywood --- densification --- core layer temperature --- bonding quality --- hot pressing --- veneer stack heating --- wood composites --- wood composite binders --- synthetic wood adhesives --- biosourced wood adhesives --- environment-friendly --- new approaches --- n/a