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"In Classical Antiquity, the study of language and literature was a crucial part of education. Girls generally only took part of primary education, and women who progressed further did so by private tuition. Women were expected to be married and produce children and to practice their virtue in the traditional role of the wife and mother. Many women were well read in both Latin and Greek literature, and some twenty female poets are known from antiquity. However, women lacked training in formal rhetorical skills, because they were expected to speak and write in a different style. Nor were women supposed to enter into the places where public lectures took place. All the same, we know of women who received higher education and even taught philosophy (probably in private houses) or occupied themselves with philology. The women philosophers were normally born into philosophic households or married to philosophers. When grammar - a discipline dealing with language and literature - gradually became an independent subject in the first century BC, it was taught in secondary schools. From the first century AD on we can get glimpses of female teachers of letters, but their achievements were not recorded. Thus, we have neither grammatical nor philosophical doctrine attributed to a female scholar, and this article deals with the general conditions of women scholars rather than their individual contributions to scholarship. Many prejudices prevailed concerning the inferiority of women. Aristotle thought that women were weaker than men not only physically but also intellectually. This remained common consensus, even if the Stoics and Platonists argued that women's souls are not as such inferior to the souls of men. The Christians reinforced these prejudices, although they thought that men and women share a common human nature. Yet the Apostle Paul had said 'I do not permit a woman to teach' (I Tim. 2: 12). However, Christian women could refuse marriage and follow an ascetic life, which brought about new opportunities for them as prophets, deaconesses, patrons and occasionally even as teachers"--

Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Historical linguistics --- Linguistics --- Women linguists --- History --- History. --- Linguistics - History --- Linguists

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Women and journalism --- Women and literature --- Women translators --- Women travelers --- Travelers, Women --- Travelers --- Translators --- Women linguists --- Women and the press --- Journalism --- History --- Great Britain --- Intellectual life

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'I want our past to be recorded for future generations to read and know and understand how life was for us desert Aboriginal people and how we live our lives now. The Whiteman and the things that he brought with him hugely influenced the changes that occurred in our lives and in our society. I am a person that experienced these changes and I want to share, from my perspective, these experiences with my people and with all these persons around the world that show a great interest in Aboriginal people, and with all those who continually keep asking me the same old questions' Lizzie Marrkilyi Ellis. Pictures from my memory is a compelling autobiographical account of Lizzie Marrkilyi Ellis's life as a Ngaatjatjarra woman from the Australian Western Desert. Born in the bush at the time of first contact between her family and White Australians, Ellis's vivid personal reflections offer both an historical record and profound emotional insight into her unique experience of being woven between cultures - her Aboriginal community and the Western worlds. Ellis shares her first memories as an Aboriginal child living in communities, through her schooling years on the reserves and the progressive culture changes that her family experienced, to her work as a renowned linguist and interpreter for judges and politicians.

Ngaanyatjarra (Australian people) --- Women, Aboriginal Australian --- Aboriginal Australians --- Aboriginal Australians --- Women linguists --- Ngaanyatjarra (Australian people) --- Social life and customs. --- Languages --- Ellis, Elizabeth Marrkilyi.

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When the American poet Elizabeth Bishop arrived in Brazil in 1951 at the age of forty, she had not planned to stay, but her love affair with the Brazilian aristocrat Lota de Macedo Soares and with the country itself set her on another course, and Brazil became her home for nearly two decades. In this groundbreaking new study, Bethany Hicok offers Bishop's readers the most comprehensive study to date on the transformative impact of Brazil on the poet's life and art. Based on extensive archival research and travel, Elizabeth Bishop's Brazil argues that the whole shape of Bishop's writing career shifted in response to Brazil, taking on historical, political, linguistic, and cultural dimensions that would have been inconceivable without her immersion in this vibrant South American culture. Hicok reveals the mid-century Brazil that Bishop encountered--its extremes of wealth and poverty, its spectacular topography, its language, literature, and people--and examines the Brazilian class structures that placed Bishop and Macedo Soares at the center of the country's political and cultural power brokers. We watch Bishop develop a political poetry of engagement against the backdrop of America's Cold War policies and Brazil's political revolutions. Hicok also offers the first comprehensive evaluation of Bishop's translations of Brazilian writers and their influence on her own work. Drawing on archival sources that include Bishop's unpublished travel writings and providing provocative new readings of the poetry, Elizabeth Bishop's Brazil is a long-overdue exploration of a pivotal phase in this great poet's life and work.

Women intellectuals --- Travel writing --- Women translators --- Literature and society --- Women poets, American --- American women poets --- Translators --- Women linguists --- Travel --- Authorship --- Intellectuals --- Bishop, Elizabeth, --- Criticism and interpretation. --- Homes and haunts --- Brazil --- Intellectual life

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With Faithful Translators Jaime Goodrich offers the first in-depth examination of women's devotional translations and of religious translations in general within early modern England. Placing female translators such as Queen Elizabeth I and Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke, alongside their male counterparts, such as Sir Thomas More and Sir Philip Sidney, Goodrich argues that both male and female translators constructed authorial poses that allowed their works to serve four distinct cultural functions: creating privacy, spreading propaganda, providing counsel, and representing religious groups. Ultimately, Faithful Translators calls for a reconsideration of the apparent simplicity of "faithful" translations and aims to reconfigure perceptions of early modern authorship, translation, and women writers.

Theory of literary translation --- English literature: authors --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Christian literature --- English literature --- Women translators --- Authorship --- Women and literature --- Translating and interpreting --- 27 <420> "15/17" --- Literature --- Authoring (Authorship) --- Writing (Authorship) --- Translators --- Women linguists --- Christian writings --- Christianity and literature --- Religious literature --- Translations into English --- History and criticism. --- History --- History. --- Kerkgeschiedenis--Engeland--Moderne Tijd --- Translations into English&delete& --- History and criticism