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The prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities, particularly type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and hepatic disease and certain cancers, continues to rise worldwide. Paradoxically, despite an increasingly obesogenic environment, particularly in Western societies, undernutrition is also extremely common. The application of novel, sophisticated techniques, particularly related to imaging and molecular biology, has substantially advanced our understanding of the mechanisms controlling appetite and energy intake. This has led to a redefinition of many concepts, including the relative importance of central versus peripheral mechanisms, recognising that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, particularly gut hormones, plays a critical role. Given the major advance in knowledge in the field, this Special Issue provides a comprehensive overview of the GI mechanisms underlying the regulation of appetite and energy intake, as a series of definitive reviews by international authorities. The reviews address gut-related mechanisms, including nutrient sensing, gut hormones and GI motility, gut-brain communication, including the roles of the vagus and the modulation of reward perception, the roles of diet and the microbiota, as well as the abnormalities associated with eating disorders, specifically obesity and anorexia of ageing, and the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery. The reviews cover both preclinical research and studies in humans, and are complemented by a number of important original papers.

Medicine --- lixisenatide --- intragastric meal retention --- energy intake --- type 2 diabetes --- obesity --- amino acid --- isoleucine --- chronic supplementation --- energy expenditure --- oral glucose tolerance test --- glycaemic control --- gastric emptying breath test --- endocannabinoid --- cannabinoid CB1 receptor --- gut-brain --- intestine --- western diet --- preference --- whey protein --- gastric emptying --- appetite --- lifecourse --- gut hormones --- hunger --- protein --- TAS2R5 --- TAS2R39 --- TAS2R14 --- agonist --- food intake --- GLP1 --- CCK --- PYY --- miniature pig --- pig model --- functional brain imaging --- molecular imaging --- vagal afferents --- single fiber recording --- insulin resistance --- GLP-1r --- gastric barostat --- scintigraphy --- meal ingestion --- postprandial responses --- hedonic sensations --- homeostatic sensations --- abdominal wall activity --- abdominal distension --- taste --- fat --- carbohydrate --- bariatric surgery --- GLP-1 --- ghrelin --- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass --- gastric band --- sleeve gastrectomy --- circadian --- gastrointestinal tract --- enteroendocrine cells --- chemosensory --- GIP --- nutrients --- hormones --- food ingestion --- digestion --- satiety --- digestive well-being --- functional gastrointestinal disorders --- postprandial symptoms --- brainstem --- vagus --- feeding --- gastrointestinal --- cue reactivity --- meal anticipation --- motivation --- nutrient preference --- flavor --- aversion --- bile acids --- TGR-5 --- FXR --- gastrointestinal hormones --- body weight --- gastric accommodation --- satiation --- CB1 receptor --- gut-brain --- reward --- aging --- whey --- anorexia --- supplements --- sarcopenia --- nutrient sensing --- enteroendocrine cells (EECs) --- appetite regulation --- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) --- bitter substances --- gastric motor function --- postprandial blood glucose --- preclinical studies --- human studies --- texture --- oro-sensory exposure --- sensory science --- cephalic responses --- brain areas --- brain stem --- weight management --- intestinal brake --- duodenal jejunal and ileal brake --- tastants --- circadian clock --- gastric bypass surgery --- microbiome --- hypothalamus --- lixisenatide --- intragastric meal retention --- energy intake --- type 2 diabetes --- obesity --- amino acid --- isoleucine --- chronic supplementation --- energy expenditure --- oral glucose tolerance test --- glycaemic control --- gastric emptying breath test --- endocannabinoid --- cannabinoid CB1 receptor --- gut-brain --- intestine --- western diet --- preference --- whey protein --- gastric emptying --- appetite --- lifecourse --- gut hormones --- hunger --- protein --- TAS2R5 --- TAS2R39 --- TAS2R14 --- agonist --- food intake --- GLP1 --- CCK --- PYY --- miniature pig --- pig model --- functional brain imaging --- molecular imaging --- vagal afferents --- single fiber recording --- insulin resistance --- GLP-1r --- gastric barostat --- scintigraphy --- meal ingestion --- postprandial responses --- hedonic sensations --- homeostatic sensations --- abdominal wall activity --- abdominal distension --- taste --- fat --- carbohydrate --- bariatric surgery --- GLP-1 --- ghrelin --- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass --- gastric band --- sleeve gastrectomy --- circadian --- gastrointestinal tract --- enteroendocrine cells --- chemosensory --- GIP --- nutrients --- hormones --- food ingestion --- digestion --- satiety --- digestive well-being --- functional gastrointestinal disorders --- postprandial symptoms --- brainstem --- vagus --- feeding --- gastrointestinal --- cue reactivity --- meal anticipation --- motivation --- nutrient preference --- flavor --- aversion --- bile acids --- TGR-5 --- FXR --- gastrointestinal hormones --- body weight --- gastric accommodation --- satiation --- CB1 receptor --- gut-brain --- reward --- aging --- whey --- anorexia --- supplements --- sarcopenia --- nutrient sensing --- enteroendocrine cells (EECs) --- appetite regulation --- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) --- bitter substances --- gastric motor function --- postprandial blood glucose --- preclinical studies --- human studies --- texture --- oro-sensory exposure --- sensory science --- cephalic responses --- brain areas --- brain stem --- weight management --- intestinal brake --- duodenal jejunal and ileal brake --- tastants --- circadian clock --- gastric bypass surgery --- microbiome --- hypothalamus

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities, particularly type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and hepatic disease and certain cancers, continues to rise worldwide. Paradoxically, despite an increasingly obesogenic environment, particularly in Western societies, undernutrition is also extremely common. The application of novel, sophisticated techniques, particularly related to imaging and molecular biology, has substantially advanced our understanding of the mechanisms controlling appetite and energy intake. This has led to a redefinition of many concepts, including the relative importance of central versus peripheral mechanisms, recognising that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, particularly gut hormones, plays a critical role. Given the major advance in knowledge in the field, this Special Issue provides a comprehensive overview of the GI mechanisms underlying the regulation of appetite and energy intake, as a series of definitive reviews by international authorities. The reviews address gut-related mechanisms, including nutrient sensing, gut hormones and GI motility, gut-brain communication, including the roles of the vagus and the modulation of reward perception, the roles of diet and the microbiota, as well as the abnormalities associated with eating disorders, specifically obesity and anorexia of ageing, and the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery. The reviews cover both preclinical research and studies in humans, and are complemented by a number of important original papers.

Medicine --- lixisenatide --- intragastric meal retention --- energy intake --- type 2 diabetes --- obesity --- amino acid --- isoleucine --- chronic supplementation --- energy expenditure --- oral glucose tolerance test --- glycaemic control --- gastric emptying breath test --- endocannabinoid --- cannabinoid CB1 receptor --- gut–brain --- intestine --- western diet --- preference --- whey protein --- gastric emptying --- appetite --- lifecourse --- gut hormones --- hunger --- protein --- TAS2R5 --- TAS2R39 --- TAS2R14 --- agonist --- food intake --- GLP1 --- CCK --- PYY --- miniature pig --- pig model --- functional brain imaging --- molecular imaging --- vagal afferents --- single fiber recording --- insulin resistance --- GLP-1r --- gastric barostat --- scintigraphy --- meal ingestion --- postprandial responses --- hedonic sensations --- homeostatic sensations --- abdominal wall activity --- abdominal distension --- taste --- fat --- carbohydrate --- bariatric surgery --- GLP-1 --- ghrelin --- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass --- gastric band --- sleeve gastrectomy --- circadian --- gastrointestinal tract --- enteroendocrine cells --- chemosensory --- GIP --- nutrients --- hormones --- food ingestion --- digestion --- satiety --- digestive well-being --- functional gastrointestinal disorders --- postprandial symptoms --- brainstem --- vagus --- feeding --- gastrointestinal --- cue reactivity --- meal anticipation --- motivation --- nutrient preference --- flavor --- aversion --- bile acids --- TGR-5 --- FXR --- gastrointestinal hormones --- body weight --- gastric accommodation --- satiation --- CB1 receptor --- gut-brain --- reward --- aging --- whey --- anorexia --- supplements --- sarcopenia --- nutrient sensing --- enteroendocrine cells (EECs) --- appetite regulation --- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) --- bitter substances --- gastric motor function --- postprandial blood glucose --- preclinical studies --- human studies --- texture --- oro-sensory exposure --- sensory science --- cephalic responses --- brain areas --- brain stem --- weight management --- intestinal brake --- duodenal jejunal and ileal brake --- tastants --- circadian clock --- gastric bypass surgery --- microbiome --- hypothalamus --- n/a

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Health is defined as “the state of the organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease”. Surprisingly, the words “microbes” or “microorganism” are missing in this definition. The regulation of gut microbiota is mediated by an enormous quantity of aspects, such as microbiological factors, host characteristics, diet patterns, and environmental variables. Some protective, structural, and metabolic functions have been reported for gut microbiota, and these functions are related to the regulation of homeostasis and host health. Host defense against pathogens is, in part, mediated through gut microbiota action and requires intimate interpretation of the current microenvironment and discrimination between commensal and occasional bacteria. The present Special Issue provides a summary of the progress on the topic of intestinal microbiota and its important role in human health in different populations. This Special Issue will be of great interest from a clinical and public health perspective. Nevertheless, more studies with more samples and comparable methods are necessary to understand the actual function of intestinal microbiota in disease development and health maintenance.

sperm quality --- probiotics --- zebrafish --- motility --- behavior --- intestinal microbiota --- intestinal Bacteroides --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- trunk muscle training --- aerobic exercise training --- brisk walking --- nutrients --- gut microbiota --- nutrition --- habitual diets --- Western diet --- obesity --- cardiometabolic risk factors --- chronic health conditions --- gastrointestinal disorders --- prebiotics and probiotics --- metabolic syndrome --- gastrointestinal microbiome --- Lactobacillus reuteri V3401 --- sugar alcohol --- prebiotic --- bowel function --- immune function --- respiratory tract infections --- otitis media --- sinusitis --- weight management --- satiety --- bone health --- AMP-activated protein kinase --- butyrate --- developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) --- high fat diet --- hypertension --- nutrient-sensing signals --- propionate --- short chain fatty acids --- kefir --- autism spectrum disorders --- oral microbiota --- dysbiosis --- co-occurring conditions --- allergy --- abdominal pain --- biomarker discovery --- anorexia --- food restriction --- ClpB --- microbiota --- Enterobacteriaceae --- inulin --- circadian rhythm --- feeding timing --- choline --- trimethylamine --- trimethylamine n-oxide --- 16S rRNA gene profiling --- qPCR --- linear mixed models --- soy protein --- lipid metabolism --- circadian --- chrono-nutrition --- microbiome --- pregnancy --- fetus --- placenta --- newborn --- infancy --- critical illness --- sepsis --- lipid metabolome --- amlodipine --- corticosterone --- ACTH --- gut bacteriome --- ischemia-reperfusion injury --- nutritional status --- supplemented nutrition --- partial hepatectomy --- liver transplantation --- vaginal microbiome --- bacterial communities --- vaginal dysbiosis --- bacterial vaginosis --- risk factors --- hormone replacement therapy --- cardiovascular diseases --- atherosclerosis --- prebiotics --- alanine aminotransferase --- antibiotic --- Optifast --- gut microbiome --- metronidazole --- nonnutritive sweeteners --- sweetening agents --- n/a