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Astrocytes are key cellular partners to neurons in the brain. They play an important role in multiple processes such as neurotransmitter recycling, trophic support, antioxidant defense, ionic homeostasis, inflammatory modulation, neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling, neurogenesis, synapse formation and synaptic plasticity. In addition to their crucial involvement in normal brain physiology, it is well known that astrocytes adopt a reactive phenotype under most acute and chronic pathological conditions such as ischemia, trauma, brain cancer, epilepsy, demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the functional impact of astrocyte reactivity is still unclear. During the last decades, the development of innovative approaches to study astrocytes has significantly improved our understanding of their prominent role in brain function and their contribution to disease states. In particular, new genetic tools, molecular probes, and imaging techniques that achieve high spatial and temporal resolution have revealed new insight into astrocyte functions in situ. This Research Topic provides a collection of cutting-edge techniques, approaches and models to study astrocytes in health and disease. It also suggests new directions to achieve discoveries on these fascinating cells.

Astrocytes. --- Neurons --- Physiology. --- brain imaging --- transgenesis --- high-resolution imaging --- gene transfer --- Reactive astrocytes --- Electrophysiology --- neuron-astrocyte interactions --- In vivo analysis

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Neuroanatomists increasingly rely on techniques enabling them to manipulate genes in defined brain cell populations. In particular, engineered transgenes, which encode a variety of fluorescent reporter proteins can be inserted into the genome or delivered into desired brain regions using viral vectors, thereby allowing the labeling of molecularly-defined populations of neurons and/or glial cells. Transgenic technology can also be used to selectively delete genes in targeted neuronal populations or bi-directionally modulate their electrical excitability using optogenetic or chemogenetic techniques. One of the primary advantages of using transgenic reagents is to simplify the identification and tracing of targeted population of brain cells, which can be laborious using traditional techniques in neuroanatomy. In this research topic, we assembled up-to-date reviews and original articles that demonstrate the versatility and power of transgenic tools in advancing our knowledge of the nervous system, with a special emphasis on the application of transgenic technology to neuroanatomical questions.

Neuroanatomy. --- Neuroanatomy --- Anatomy --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Technique. --- gene delivery --- mouse models --- tracing --- transgenesis --- morphology --- adeno-associated virus --- Fluorescent reporters --- neuronal circuits --- Nerves --- Nervous system --- Neurobiology

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This book provides a 2012 reference for state-of-the-art gene transfer technology and the different aspects of its clinical translation with a focus on European-based initiatives. As examples of successful outcomes, recent clinical trials are presented together with Ethical, Safety and Regulatory issues, which are discussed. The broad range of various technologies is covered whether addressing direct in vivo gene transfer like with AAV, Adeno or non-viral vectors or ex-vivo genetically engineered cells including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) with integrating vectors such as retrovirus, lentivirus or transposon-derived systems. The critical path to clinical implementation is covered in the second part describing currently available tools - such as molecular imaging, ex-vivo organ cultures and high-throughput technologies used for evaluation of criteria towards a go-or-no go decision to move to the clinic; in addition, utmost salient biosafety and immunotoxicology aspects are discussed. This book is ideal for postgraduates, undergraduates, scientists, clinicians, regulators and patients' advocacy groups looking for states-of-the-art information as well as emerging prospects - including gene targeting and homologous recombination - in gene transfer intended for clinical translation.

Genetic transformation. --- Gene transfer --- Transformation (Genetics) --- Genetic recombination --- Microbial genetics --- Nucleic acids --- Transfection --- Gene Transfer Techniques --- Gene Delivery Systems --- Gene Transfer Technique --- Transgenesis --- Delivery System, Gene --- Delivery Systems, Gene --- Gene Delivery System --- Technique, Gene Transfer --- Techniques, Gene Transfer --- Transfer Technique, Gene --- Transfer Techniques, Gene --- Genetic Therapy --- Transgenes --- Human genetics --- Biotechnology

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Gene therapy --- Molecular genetics --- Thérapie génique --- Gene therapy. --- Molecular genetics. --- Genetic Therapy. --- Molecular Biology. --- Gene Transfer Techniques. --- Gene Delivery Systems --- Gene Transfer Technique --- Transgenesis --- Delivery System, Gene --- Delivery Systems, Gene --- Gene Delivery System --- Technique, Gene Transfer --- Techniques, Gene Transfer --- Transfer Technique, Gene --- Transfer Techniques, Gene --- Biochemical Genetics --- Biology, Molecular --- Genetics, Biochemical --- Genetics, Molecular --- Molecular Genetics --- Biochemical Genetic --- Genetic, Biochemical --- Genetic, Molecular --- Molecular Genetic --- DNA Therapy --- Gene Therapy, Somatic --- Genetic Therapy, Gametic --- Genetic Therapy, Somatic --- Therapy, DNA --- Therapy, Gene --- Therapy, Somatic Gene --- Gene Therapy --- Somatic Gene Therapy --- Gametic Genetic Therapies --- Gametic Genetic Therapy --- Genetic Therapies --- Genetic Therapies, Gametic --- Genetic Therapies, Somatic --- Somatic Genetic Therapies --- Somatic Genetic Therapy --- Therapies, Gametic Genetic --- Therapies, Genetic --- Therapies, Somatic Genetic --- Therapy, Gametic Genetic --- Therapy, Genetic --- Therapy, Somatic Genetic --- Genetic Therapy --- Gene Therapy Techniques --- Molecular Biology --- Genetic engineering --- Therapeutics --- Transgenes --- Genetic Phenomena --- Gene Transfer Techniques --- Genetic Services --- Genes, Transgenic, Suicide --- Genetics --- Molecular biology --- Thérapie génique

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Engineering --- Health Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Biotechnology --- Diseases --- Genetics --- Pathology --- Biophysics --- Molecular Biology. --- Gene Transfer Techniques. --- Genetic Therapy. --- DNA Therapy --- Gene Therapy, Somatic --- Genetic Therapy, Gametic --- Genetic Therapy, Somatic --- Therapy, DNA --- Therapy, Gene --- Therapy, Somatic Gene --- Gene Therapy --- Somatic Gene Therapy --- Gametic Genetic Therapies --- Gametic Genetic Therapy --- Genetic Therapies --- Genetic Therapies, Gametic --- Genetic Therapies, Somatic --- Somatic Genetic Therapies --- Somatic Genetic Therapy --- Therapies, Gametic Genetic --- Therapies, Genetic --- Therapies, Somatic Genetic --- Therapy, Gametic Genetic --- Therapy, Genetic --- Therapy, Somatic Genetic --- Gene Transfer Techniques --- Genetic Services --- Genes, Transgenic, Suicide --- Gene Delivery Systems --- Gene Transfer Technique --- Transgenesis --- Delivery System, Gene --- Delivery Systems, Gene --- Gene Delivery System --- Technique, Gene Transfer --- Techniques, Gene Transfer --- Transfer Technique, Gene --- Transfer Techniques, Gene --- Genetic Therapy --- Transgenes --- Biochemical Genetics --- Biology, Molecular --- Genetics, Biochemical --- Genetics, Molecular --- Molecular Genetics --- Biochemical Genetic --- Genetic, Biochemical --- Genetic, Molecular --- Molecular Genetic --- Genetic Phenomena --- Periodicals --- Molecular Biology --- Pharmacology. Therapy