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This volume brings together a number of leading scholars working in the field of ancient Greek mathematics to present their latest research. In their respective area of specialization, all contributors offer stimulating approaches to questions of historical and historiographical 'revolutions' and 'continuity'. Taken together, they provide a powerful lens for evaluating the applicability of Thomas Kuhn's ideas on 'scientific revolutions' to the discipline of ancient Greek mathematics. Besides the latest historiographical studies on 'geometrical algebra' and 'premodern algebra', the reader will find here some papers which offer new insights into the controversial relationship between Greek and pre-Hellenic mathematical practices. Some other contributions place emphasis on the other edge of the historical spectrum, by exploring historical lines of 'continuity' between ancient Greek, Byzantine and post-Hellenic mathematics. The terminology employed by Greek mathematicians, along with various non-textual and material elements, is another topic which some of the essays in the volume explore. Finally, the last three articles focus on a traditionally rich source on ancient Greek mathematics; namely the works of Plato and Aristotle.

Mathematics, Greek. --- Geometry --- Greek mathematics --- History. --- Greek Mathematics. --- Scientific Revolutions. --- Thomas Kuhn.

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Music theory. --- Musical analysis. --- Music --- Théorie musicale --- Analyse musicale --- Musique --- Philosophy and aesthetics. --- Philosophie et esthétique --- Brahms, Johannes, --- Schoenberg, Arnold, --- Webern, Anton, --- Stockhausen, Karlheinz, --- Théorie musicale --- Philosophie et esthétique --- Music - Philosophy and aesthetics. --- Westerse muziek --- Compositie --- Thomas Kuhn --- 20e eeuw

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This open access book aims to clarify the term „evidence-based medicine“ (EBM) from a philosophy of science perspective. The author, Marie-Caroline Schulte discusses the importance of evi-dence in medical research and practice with a focus on the ethical and methodological prob-lems of EBM. The claims that EBM can herald a new theory of epistemology and a Kuhnian paradigm will be refuted. The solution is to describe EBM as a necessary development in medicine to deal with the increasing amount of evidence and medical data without losing the single patient out of sight. Contents The methodology of evidence-based research Informed consent and shared decision making in EBM (Evidence-based medicine) Knowledge does not equal evidence – what to do with what we have evidence for? Homeopathy – a case in point why EBM is so important – or „the plural of anecdote is not data.“ Target Groups Lecturers and students in the areas of medicine and philosophy of medicine Researchers in philosophy of medicine, medical doctors, ethicists, philosophers and medical activists The Author M.-C. Schulte has studied philosophy and history in the US and finished her MSc in philoso-phy and history of science at LSE. She did her PhD in philosophy of science, focus on medi-cine, at Hamburg University. She works freelance in an advisory capacity for NGOs working in the medical field and writes articles in her area of expertise.

Philosophy and science. --- Medicine—Philosophy. --- Medicine. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Philosophy of Medicine. --- Medicine/Public Health, general. --- Health Workforce --- Science and philosophy --- Science --- Philosophy of Science --- Philosophy of Medicine --- Medicine/Public Health, general --- Clinical Medicine --- Philosophy of medicine --- Hahnemann Edzard Ernst --- Jeremy Howick --- Thomas Kuhn --- Homeopathy --- Epistemology --- Informed consent --- ECMO --- Tuskegee --- Placebo --- Bench to bedside --- External validity --- Randomised controlled trials --- Evidence-based medicine --- Open Access --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophy --- Medicine: general issues --- Medicine --- Medical sciences. --- Health Sciences. --- Philosophy.

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One of the greatest mysteries in reconstructing the history of life on Earth has been the apparent absence of fossils dating back more than 550 million years. We have long known that fossils of sophisticated marine life-forms existed at the dawn of the Cambrian Period, but until recently scientists had found no traces of Precambrian fossils. The quest to find such traces began in earnest in the mid-1960s and culminated in one dramatic moment in 1993 when William Schopf identified fossilized microorganisms three and a half billion years old. This startling find opened up a vast period of time--some eighty-five percent of Earth's history--to new research and new ideas about life's beginnings. In this book, William Schopf, a pioneer of modern paleobiology, tells for the first time the exciting and fascinating story of the origins and earliest evolution of life and how that story has been unearthed. Gracefully blending his personal story of discovery with the basics needed to understand the astonishing science he describes, Schopf has produced an introduction to paleobiology for the interested reader as well as a primer for beginning students in the field. He considers such questions as how did primitive bacteria, pond scum, evolve into the complex life-forms found at the beginning of the Cambrian Period? How do scientists identify ancient microbes and what do these tiny creatures tell us about the environment of the early Earth? (And, in a related chapter, Schopf discusses his role in the controversy that swirls around recent claims of fossils in the famed meteorite from Mars.) Like all great teachers, Schopf teaches the non-specialist enough about his subject along the way that we can easily follow his descriptions of the geology, biology, and chemistry behind these discoveries. Anyone interested in the intriguing questions of the origins of life on Earth and how those origins have been discovered will find this story the best place to start.

Evolutionary paleobiology. --- Micropaleontology. --- Life --- Paleontology --- Origin. --- Abiogenesis. --- Acritarch. --- Addition. --- Aerobic organism. --- Amino acid. --- Archaea. --- Archean. --- Autotroph. --- Bacteria. --- Beijing Zoo. --- Burgess Shale. --- Carbon dioxide. --- Cell wall. --- Charles Darwin. --- Charles Doolittle Walcott. --- Chert. --- Chloroplast. --- Chromosome. --- Coelom. --- Coffin. --- Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. --- Crust (geology). --- Cyanobacteria. --- Darwin's Dilemma. --- Determination. --- Deuterium. --- Electricity. --- Enzyme. --- Eukaryote. --- Evolution. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Fermentation. --- Foraminifera. --- Fungus. --- Gene. --- Genetic engineering. --- Geologist. --- Geology. --- Giant salamander. --- Glucose. --- Glycine. --- Glycolysis. --- Greenhouse effect. --- Hallucigenia. --- Heterocyst. --- Heterotroph. --- Hydrocarbon. --- Interstellar cloud. --- Law of superposition. --- Layperson. --- Lipid. --- Marine biology. --- Metabolism. --- Meteorite. --- Microorganism. --- Microwave. --- Mitochondrion. --- Mitosis. --- Molecule. --- Monomer. --- Mycoplasma. --- Natural gas. --- Nitrate. --- Nitrogen. --- Nucleic acid. --- Nucleotide. --- Organic acid. --- Organic compound. --- Organism. --- Ottoia. --- Paleobiology. --- Paleontology. --- Paleozoic. --- Phanerozoic. --- Photosynthesis. --- Phototroph. --- Plant. --- Plate tectonics. --- Polymer. --- Precambrian. --- Prokaryote. --- Properties of water. --- Protein. --- Proterozoic. --- Protozoa. --- Purple bacteria. --- Pyruvic acid. --- Ribosome. --- Richard Feynman. --- Sedimentary rock. --- Smithsonian Institution. --- Stromatolite. --- Sulfate minerals. --- Taxon. --- Tempo and Mode in Evolution. --- Thioformaldehyde. --- Thomas Kuhn. --- Trilobite. --- Zygote.

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Explaining the Cosmos is a major reinterpretation of Greek scientific thought before Socrates. Focusing on the scientific tradition of philosophy, Daniel Graham argues that Presocratic philosophy is not a mere patchwork of different schools and styles of thought. Rather, there is a discernible and unified Ionian tradition that dominates Presocratic debates. Graham rejects the common interpretation of the early Ionians as "material monists" and also the view of the later Ionians as desperately trying to save scientific philosophy from Parmenides' criticisms. In Graham's view, Parmenides plays a constructive role in shaping the scientific debates of the fifth century BC. Accordingly, the history of Presocratic philosophy can be seen not as a series of dialectical failures, but rather as a series of theoretical advances that led to empirical discoveries. Indeed, the Ionian tradition can be seen as the origin of the scientific conception of the world that we still hold today.

Philosophie ancienne. --- Sciences anciennes. --- Sciences --- Philosophy, Ancient. --- Science, Ancient. --- Science --- Natural science --- Natural sciences --- Science of science --- Ancient philosophy --- Greek philosophy --- Philosophy, Greek --- Philosophy, Roman --- Roman philosophy --- Ancient science --- Science, Primitive --- Histoire. --- History. --- History --- Pre-Socratic philosophers. --- Pre-Socratics --- Presocratic philosophers --- Presocratics --- Philosophers --- Absolute (philosophy). --- Alcmaeon of Croton. --- Alexander of Aphrodisias. --- Allusion. --- Ambiguity. --- Analogy. --- Anaxagoras. --- Anaximander. --- Anaximenes. --- Antidosis. --- Apeiron (cosmology). --- Aristotle. --- Atomism. --- Causality. --- Chemical element. --- Chemical formula. --- Classical element. --- Coeus. --- Concept. --- Contradiction. --- Cosmogony. --- Cratylus. --- Crius. --- Cronus. --- Democritus. --- Diogenes of Apollonia. --- Dualism (philosophy of mind). --- Dualism. --- Eleatics. --- Emergence. --- Empedocles. --- Empirical evidence. --- Essence. --- Existence. --- Explanandum. --- Explanation. --- Explication. --- Fallacy. --- First principle. --- Four causes. --- Greek Philosophy. --- Hippias. --- Hypothesis. --- Ignoratio elenchi. --- Inference. --- Inquiry. --- Instance (computer science). --- Isocrates. --- Leucippus. --- Lucretius. --- Material monism. --- Meteorology. --- Monism. --- Multitude. --- Mythology. --- Natural philosophy. --- Natural science. --- On Generation and Corruption. --- On the Heavens. --- Ontology. --- Ousia. --- Parmenides. --- Peripatetic school. --- Phenomenon. --- Philolaus. --- Philosopher. --- Philosophical theory. --- Philosophy. --- Pre-Socratic philosophy. --- Premise. --- Principle. --- Process philosophy. --- Prose. --- Pythagoreanism. --- Quantity. --- Rarefaction. --- Reality. --- Reason. --- Science. --- Scientific method. --- Scientist. --- Sophist. --- Substance theory. --- Teleology. --- Test theory. --- The Philosopher. --- Theogony. --- Theophrastus. --- Theoretical physics. --- Theory of Forms. --- Theory of change. --- Theory. --- Thomas Kuhn. --- Thought. --- Timaeus (dialogue). --- Trace Amounts. --- Treatise. --- Unity of opposites. --- World view. --- Xenophanes.