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This book shows that evolutionary game theory can unravel how mutual cooperation, trust, and credit in a group emerge in organizations and institutions. Some organizations and institutions, such as insurance unions, credit unions, and banks, originated from very simple mutual-aid groups. Members in these early-stage mutual-aid groups help each other, making rules to promote cooperation, and suppressing free riders. Then, they come to “trust” not only each other but also the group they belong to, itself. The division of labor occurs when the society comes to have diversity and complexity in a larger group, and the division of labor also requires mutual cooperation and trust among different social roles. In a larger group, people cannot directly interact with each other, and the reputation of unknown people helps other decide who is a trustworthy person. However, if gossip spreads untruths about a reputation, trust and cooperation are destroyed. Therefore, how to suppress untrue gossip is also important for trust and cooperation in a larger group. If trustworthiness and credibility can be established, these groups are successfully sustainable. Some develop and evolve and then mature into larger organizations and institutions. Finally, these organizations and institutions become what they are now. Therefore, not only cooperation but also trust and credit are keys to understanding these organizations and institutions. The evolution of cooperation, a topic of research in evolutionary ecology and evolutionary game theory, can be applied to understanding how to make institutions and organizations sustainable, trustworthy, and credible. It provides us with the idea that evolutionary game theory is a good mathematical tool to analyze trust and credit. This kind of research can be applied to current hot topics such as microfinance and the sustainable use of ecosystems.

Ecology. --- Dynamical systems. --- Biomathematics. --- Theoretical and Statistical Ecology. --- Dynamical Systems. --- Mathematical and Computational Biology. --- Biology --- Mathematics --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Statics --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Ecology --- Game theory. --- Organizational behavior. --- Behavior in organizations --- Management --- Organization --- Psychology, Industrial --- Social psychology --- Games, Theory of --- Theory of games --- Mathematical models --- Conducta organitzacional --- Teoria de jocs

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Based on their extensive experience with teaching R and statistics to applied scientists, the authors provide a beginner's guide to R. To avoid the difficulty of teaching R and statistics at the same time, statistical methods are kept to a minimum. The text covers how to download and install R, import and manage data, elementary plotting, an introduction to functions, advanced plotting, and common beginner mistakes. This book contains everything you need to know to get started with R. "Its biggest advantage is that it aims only to teach R...It organizes R commands very efficiently, with much teaching guidance included. I would describe this book as being handy--it's the kind of book that you want to keep in your jacket pocket or backpack all the time, ready for use, like a Swiss Army knife." (Loveday Conquest, University of Washington) "Whilst several books focus on learning statistics in R..., the authors of this book fill a gap in the market by focusing on learning R whilst almost completely avoiding any statistical jargon...The fact that the authors have very extensive experience of teaching R to absolute beginners shines throughout." (Mark Mainwaring, Lancaster University) "Exactly what is needed...This is great, nice work. I love the ecological/biological examples; they will be an enormous help." (Andrew J. Tyne, University of Nebraska-Lincoln) Alain F. Zuur is senior statistician and director of Highland Statistics Ltd., a statistical consultancy company based in the UK. He has taught statistics to more than 5000 ecologists. He is honorary research fellow in the School of Biological Sciences, Oceanlab, at the University of Aberdeen, UK. Elena N. Ieno is senior marine biologist and co-director at Highland Statistics Ltd. She has been involved in guiding PhD students on the design and analysis of ecological data. She is honorary research fellow in the School of Biological Sciences, Oceanlab, at the University of Aberdeen, UK. Erik H.W.G. Meesters is a researcher at the Dutch Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES). He specializes in coral reef ecology and applied statistics and conducts research on North Sea benthos and seal ecology.

Mathematical statistics --Data processing --Handbooks, manuals, etc. --- R (Computer program language) --Handbooks, manuals, etc. --- R (Computer program language) --- Mathematical statistics --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Mathematical Statistics --- Data processing --- Science --- Statistics --- Statistical methods --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical science --- Natural science --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Mathematical statistics. --- Ecology. --- Statistics. --- Statistics and Computing/Statistics Programs. --- Theoretical Ecology/Statistics. --- Statistics for Life Sciences, Medicine, Health Sciences. --- Econometrics --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Statistical inference --- Statistics, Mathematical --- Probabilities --- Sampling (Statistics) --- Ecology --- GNU-S (Computer program language) --- Domain-specific programming languages --- Statistics . --- Ecology . --- R (Computer program language). --- Biometry. --- Statistics and Computing. --- Theoretical and Statistical Ecology. --- Biostatistics. --- Data processing. --- Biological statistics --- Biometrics (Biology) --- Biostatistics --- Biomathematics

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This book is the outcome of more than 20 years of experience of the author in teaching and research field. The wider scope and coverage of the book will help not only the students/ researchers/professionals in the field of agriculture and allied disciplines, but also the researchers and practitioners in other fields. Written in simple and lucid language, the book would appeal to all those who are meant to be benefitted out of it. All efforts have been made to present "RESEARCH", its meaning, intention and usefulness. The book reflects current methodological techniques used in interdisciplinary research, as illustrated with many relevant worked out examples. Designing of research programme, selection of variables, collection of data and their analysis to interpret the data are discussed extensively. Statistical tools are complemented with real-life examples, making the otherwise complicated subject like statistics seem simpler. Attempts have been made to demonstrate how a user can solve the problems using simple computer-oriented programme. Emphasis is placed not only on solving the problems in various fields but also on drawing inferences from the problems. The importance of instruments and computers in research processes and statistical analyses along with their misuse/incorrect use is also discussed to make the user aware about the correct use of specific technique. In all the chapters, theories are combined with examples, and steps are enumerated to follow the correct use of the available packages like MSEXCELL, SPSS, SPAR1, SAS etc. Utmost care has been taken to present varied range of research problems along with their solutions in agriculture and allied fields which would be of immense use to readers.

Agriculture -- Research -- Methodology. --- Agriculture -- Research. --- Social sciences -- Research -- Methodology. --- Agriculture --- Social Sciences --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Social Sciences - General --- Agriculture - General --- Research --- Methodology. --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Life sciences. --- Agriculture. --- Biostatistics. --- Bioinformatics. --- Computational biology. --- Ecology. --- Sustainable development. --- Agricultural economics. --- Life Sciences. --- Agricultural Economics. --- Computer Appl. in Life Sciences. --- Sustainable Development. --- Theoretical Ecology/Statistics. --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Statistical methods. --- Biology --- Data processing. --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable development --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- Agrarian question --- Agribusiness --- Agricultural economics --- Agricultural production economics --- Production economics, Agricultural --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Environmental aspects --- Economic aspects --- Ecology --- Bioinformatics . --- Computational biology . --- Ecology . --- Bioinformatics --- Bio-informatics --- Biological informatics --- Information science --- Computational biology --- Systems biology --- Biological statistics --- Biometrics (Biology) --- Biostatistics --- Biomathematics --- Statistics --- Data processing --- Statistical methods --- Biometry. --- Agriculture—Economic aspects. --- Sustainability. --- Computational and Systems Biology. --- Theoretical and Statistical Ecology. --- Sustainability science --- Human ecology --- Social ecology