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While growth in advanced economies is losing momentum amid trade tensions and policy uncertainty, activity in many emerging and low-income developing countries (EMDEs) has remained more robust, supported by still favorable financing conditions. Differences across EMDEs are large, however, and downside risks are building. Policy priorities include enhancing resilience in response to a more challenging global environment, creating fiscal space for essential development spending, containing debt vulnerabilities, and promoting strong and inclusive growth. Strengthening revenue generating capacity, enhancing public spending efficiency, and addressing infrastructure gaps are critical for reaching the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Sustainable Development --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Fiscal Policy --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Public finance & taxation --- Economic growth --- International economics --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Public debt --- Fiscal policy --- Inclusive growth --- Debt sustainability --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) --- External debt --- Development --- Debts, Public --- Economic development --- Debts, External --- Sustainable development --- Angola

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Attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will require that the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries continue their considerable past achievements. The Millennium Development Goals—which were to have been met by 2015—helped focus attention on achieving progress towards poverty reduction, better health outcomes, and improvements in education in the ASEAN developing countries. The 17 SDGs—adopted in 2015 and to be met by 2030—cover a wider set of interlinked development objectives, such as inclusion and environmental sustainability, which are important for all countries, including all ASEAN member countries. ASEAN countries have made significant progress in improving incomes and economic opportunities, including for women, and reducing poverty since 2000. Reflecting the economic dynamism of the region, strong income growth, structural transformation, and infrastructure improvements continue to support sustainable development in ASEAN. With continued income growth and strong policy efforts, most ASEAN countries are on track to eradicate absolute poverty by 2030, a major milestone. Also, several ASEAN countries already do relatively well in terms of gender equality. As a result, given support from continued income gains, economic welfare in ASEAN countries is expected to continue converging towards advanced Asia levels. Ensuring more inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth presents a key challenge for ASEAN. Despite some progress, income inequality remains relatively high in several countries and the shift towards manufacturing strains environmental sustainability. These challenges hamper ASEAN welfare convergence relative to advanced Asia. Policies to close these gaps in sustainable development can lead to significant gains. For the lower-middle-income ASEAN countries, in particular, more determined policy efforts are needed to improve infrastructure, as well as health and education outcomes. Remaining sustainable development challenges call for comprehensive, country-specific SDG strategies formulated in the context of national development plans and close monitoring through the voluntary review process. Pursuing sustainable development entails sizeable spending needs. Estimates for Indonesia and Vietnam, the two cases studies considered in this paper, show that reaching the level of best performers in their income group in infrastructure, health, and education by 2030 could entail an additional cost of 5½–6½ percent of GDP per year. While development needs vary across countries, estimates suggest large spending needs for most ASEAN countries. Meeting them will require efforts on multiple fronts, including improvements in spending efficiency, tax capacity, and support from the private sector. For developing ASEAN countries, concessional financing from development partners will be required. The IMF continues to engage ASEAN countries in key areas as they pursue their SDGs. As called for in their mandates, ASEAN and the IMF both strive for economic growth and sustainable development through economic integration and collaboration among their member countries. The IMF has increased its engagement with ASEAN countries to support their policy efforts through its policy diagnostics, advice, and capacity development. ASEAN countries have also received support through IMF initiatives in strengthening revenue mobilization, building state capacity for infrastructure provision, pursuing economic and financial inclusion, addressing the challenges of climate change, strengthening economic institutions for good governance, and building statistical capacity. While fundamental reforms to improve sustainable development take time to bear fruit, there is evidence that efforts have started to pay off.

ASEAN. --- Sustainable Development Goals. --- International Monetary Fund. --- Capacity --- Capital --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Development --- Education --- Education: General --- Health economics --- Health --- Health: General --- Infrastructure --- Intangible Capital --- Investment --- Macroeconomics --- National accounts --- Saving and investment --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) --- Sustainable Development --- Sustainable development --- Vietnam

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This paper assesses the additional spending required to make substantial progress towards achieving the SDGs in Pakistan. We focus on critical areas of human (education and health) and physical (electricity, roads, and water and sanitation) capital. For each sector, we document the progress to date, assess where Pakistan stands relative to its peers, highlight key challenges, and estimate the additional spending required to make substantial progress. The estimates for the additional spending are derived using the IMF SDG costing methodology. We find that to achieve the SDGs in these sectors would require additional annual spending of about 16 percent of GDP in 2030 from the public and private sectors combined.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- International Economics --- Sustainable Development --- Infrastructure --- Demography --- Foreign Exchange --- Informal Economy --- Underground Econom --- Education: General --- Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General --- Health: General --- Demographic Economics: General --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Education --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Health economics --- Population & demography --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) --- Development --- Health --- Population and demographics --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Sustainable development --- Saving and investment --- Population --- Pakistan

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This paper uses a novel macroeconomic framework to identify policy and financing options to help Rwanda achieve its sustainable development goals (SDGs). Under current policies, Rwanda would meet its SDGs right after 2050. Active policies that combine fiscal reforms and higher private sector participation could fulfill more than one third of Rwanda’s post-pandemic SDG financing gap, enabling the country to meet its SDG targets by 2040. For Rwanda to meet its SDGs by 2030, active policies would need to be complemented with about 13¾ percentage points of GDP in additional resources annually until then.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Sustainable Development --- Diseases: Contagious --- Labor --- Foreign Exchange --- Informal Economy --- Underground Econom --- Health Behavior --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Fiscal Policy --- Education: General --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Labour --- income economics --- Education --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) --- Development --- COVID-19 --- Health --- Human capital --- Fiscal space --- Fiscal policy --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Sustainable development --- Communicable diseases --- Rwanda

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This paper assesses the additional spending required to make substantial progress towards achieving the SDGs in Pakistan. We focus on critical areas of human (education and health) and physical (electricity, roads, and water and sanitation) capital. For each sector, we document the progress to date, assess where Pakistan stands relative to its peers, highlight key challenges, and estimate the additional spending required to make substantial progress. The estimates for the additional spending are derived using the IMF SDG costing methodology. We find that to achieve the SDGs in these sectors would require additional annual spending of about 16 percent of GDP in 2030 from the public and private sectors combined.

Pakistan --- Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- International Economics --- Sustainable Development --- Infrastructure --- Demography --- Foreign Exchange --- Informal Economy --- Underground Econom --- Education: General --- Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General --- Health: General --- Demographic Economics: General --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Education --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Health economics --- Population & demography --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) --- Development --- Health --- Population and demographics --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Sustainable development --- Saving and investment --- Population