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In 2019, with support from the International Development Association (IDA), the Federal Government of Somalia established its first national safety net program, the Baxnaano Program. Despite institutional challenges, political and economic fragility, the Program is delivering promising results. This paper discusses the design and implementation experience of the Baxnaano Program to (i) understand the opportunities and challenges leading to the establishment of a national safety net program in a context of high fragility, insecurity, and protracted humanitarian relief interventions; (ii) identify if and how the Program is supporting the vision to transition from protracted humanitarian response to longer-term safety net system; and iii) examines if and how the Program is supporting state-building.

Social Protections and Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor

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Rapidly changing labor markets are affecting the service delivery model of Pubic Employment Agencies (PEAs). PEAs in Europe and beyond have come to adopt more comprehensive and client-centric services to satisfy the increasing needs of jobseekers and firms. In addition to expanding their range of services, PEAs have also become subject to increasing demands to improve their quality and efficiency. PEAs around the world are responding to increased demands by engaging in different types of partnerships. Besides collaboration with other public bodies, partnerships with non-public labor market actors such as private employment agencies, private training providers, and NGOs have become an increasingly important instrument for PEAs to increase coverage, quality, and efficiency of services. The main advantages of partnerships relate to improved exchange of information, better access to external expertise, as well as greater innovation and flexibility. International experience suggests that PEAs mainly benefit from better exchange of labor market information, access to a larger pool of vacancies and CVs, as well as flexibility and efficiency gains through contracting out employment services, training and other active measures to external providers. The Public Employment Agency of Kosovo can strongly benefit from engaging in partnerships with non-public providers. Kosovo's employment policy framework acknowledges the role of non-public providers in delivering services. Given the limited experience with partnerships so far, however, it is important to follow a "learning by doing" approach that allows for the piloting and adequate sequencing of partnership arrangements while building capacity to manage such partnerships along the way.

Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Public Sector Development --- Social Protections and Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor

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The objective of this report is to present a snapshot of the welfare landscape in Djibouti that will help stakeholders understand poverty's determinants. Exploiting data from the 2017 household expenditure survey, as well as administrative and geospatial data, it provides a detailed analysis of poverty in the country, its strong link to labor market outcomes, and the differential access to opportunities between urban and rural areas. Djibouti has recently experienced a period of unprecedented economic development, allowing it to grow its economy by an average of 7 percent per year between 2013 and 2016. This report shows that over a fifth of the Djiboutian population continues to live in extreme poverty and that the country has high levels of inequality, ranking 71 out of 95 countries with information on Gini available circa 2015. The report also focuses on the nexus of (monetary) poverty and the labor market. With a dual labor market, divided between the public sector and informality, a large share of the population-especially those who are vulnerable-continue to face high risks, as they have neither the skills nor opportunities to lift themselves out of poverty. Djibouti needs to double its efforts in pursuing an inclusive growth strategy. This strategy will need to be sustained by a strong labor market that allows individuals to capitalize on recent investments in education and closes the gaps in human capital across all groups of the population.

Human Capital --- Inequality --- Labor Market --- Poverty Assessment --- Social Protections and Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor --- Telecommunications

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Countries in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region are highly exposed to frequent natural hazards leading to disasters. Usually, poor and vulnerable populations are adversely affected by the effects of disasters since they have less ability to cope and recover. Rapid assistance in the immediate aftermath of a disaster is an essential part of strengthening resilience and protecting the welfare of poor and vulnerable households. If ex-ante physical and financial measures are not included in disaster preparedness, there can be considerable delays in post-disaster response, potentially significantly exacerbating the adverse human and economic conditions of the poor and vulnerable, pushing them deeper into poverty. Social Protection (SP) has an important role in helping the poor and vulnerable populations cope with the impacts of natural hazards as well as building long-term resilience. Ensuring the availability of financing to scale-up Social Protection after disasters is therefore critically important for LAC countries. LAC countries have demonstrated experiences using various risk financing approaches and participating in risk financing arrangements. Despite this, few countries have established mechanisms to guarantee scaled-up SP support following disaster events. This note aims to improve understanding of Disaster Risk Financing (DRF) approaches among SP practitioners and outlines what LAC countries need to prioritize in order to ensure that appropriate financing arrangements are in place to support effective post-disaster SP response.

Conflict and Development --- Disaster Management --- Social Protections and Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor

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Long-term unemployment has been a persisting problem in Europe since the 2008 economic crisis. Long-term unemployment is widespread across Europe, with Southern European countries most heavily affected (e.g. in Greece, the share of long-term unemployed out of the total number of unemployed accounted for 70 percent in 2018). The composition of a country's long-term unemployed (LTU) population can be very heterogeneous, however, there are oftentimes similarities across countries. Lower levels of education and outdated skills are typical characteristics of long-term unemployed. Older workers, migrant workers, ethnic minorities, as well as people with health problems or disabilities are also more vulnerable to long-term unemployment. Many long-term unemployed face multiple barriers to labor market integration. International experience suggests that intensive and comprehensive approaches are needed to effectively support the long-term unemployed. The European Union (EU) has put in place a 'Recommendation on the integration of the long-term unemployed (LTU) into the labor market' highlighting the need for prevention, individualized support and partnerships with employers and other institutions to effectively support this group. Single, isolated measures (e.g. training or wage-subsidies alone) tend to be ineffective. While there is an increasing interest to serve the long-term unemployed in Kosovo (e.g. social assistance beneficiaries), structures and resources of the Employment Agency of Kosovo (EARK) will need to be strengthened to effectively support this target group. Current structures and resources (e.g. in terms of caseload of counselors) are not suited to provide the intensive support the long-term unemployed require. In order to build its capacity to serve the LTU, EARK may need to consider a mix of short-term strategies (incl. partnerships with non-public providers to overcome internal capacity constraints) and medium and long-term strategies (i.e. build capacity, increase resources, and experiment with tailored intervention strategies).

Employment and Unemployment --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Social Protections and Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor