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This paper explores the relationship between the practices, inputs, and other characteristics of short-cycle higher education programs (SCPs) and their students' academic and labor market outcomes. A novel survey was designed and conducted to collect program-level information on quality determinants and program average outcomes for five countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Quality determinants are grouped into the following categories: curriculum and training, infrastructure faculty, private sector engagement and job search assistance, costs and funding, and other practices related to student admission and institutional governance. In addition, individual-level data on SCP graduates was collected for Ecuador and matched to program survey data. Estimates from pooled survey data for the five countries indicate that specific quality determinants are positively associated with academic and labor market outcomes. Moreover, determinants account for about one-third of the explained variation in academic outcomes and formal employment. In contrast, estimates for Ecuador indicate that labor market outcomes are mostly associated with student and peer characteristics rather than program quality determinants. These findings can inform the design and replication of high-quality SCPs as well as their oversight and regulation.

Education --- Education Quality --- Employment and Unemployment --- Labor Markets --- Short-Cycle Degree --- Skills Development --- Skills Development and Labor Force Training --- Social Protections and Labor --- Tertiary Education

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Cities are not only home to around half of the global population but are also at the forefront of the transformation of jobs, skills and labour markets. Furthermore, cities play a leading role in the COVID-19 response, as the pandemic is not only accelerating megatrends such as digitalisation and automation that change the world of work, but is also challenging city economies.

Adult education --- Employment creation. --- Job creation. --- Labor market. --- Manpower policy. --- Skills development. --- Labor --- Business & Economics

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In anticipation of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, the Government of Indonesia has shown a strong commitment to improve the quality of its human capital and, therefore, promote economic growth. Improving human capital will require several actions to improve the education and health outcomes of the population and provide opportunities for lifelong learning that will allow the adult population to receive training to upskill and reskill in line with the labor market changes due to technological progress. A key dimension of the actions to promote labor market readiness of those attending education and training is their labor market relevance: the skills acquired should be demanded by the labor market. Besides this first chapter of introduction, this report has other five chapters. The second chapter presents briefly the methodology of study. The third chapter focuses on main definitions and regulations that guide the process of defining the competences in Indonesia. The fourth chapter discusses the progress that Indonesia has made in the definition of competences as well as the main challenges in their elaboration, the fifth chapter presents how the competences has reached the education system. The sixth chapter presents a summary of the main finding as well as a set of recommendations.

Labor Markets --- Skills Development and Labor Force Training --- Social Protections and Labor --- Vocational and Technical Education

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The Philippines increasingly emphasizes lifelong learning and skills mobility for labor productivity as an integral part of the country's growth strategy. The Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 presents a series of activities to improve labor productivity through human capital investment. Investment in this area is critical given that the country's growth has benefited from a steady structural transformation shifting resources from low- to high-productivity of remittances from Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). Aside from improvements in basic education requirements, an important milestone in the country's skills development came with the introduction of the national qualifications system known as the Philippine Qualifications Framework (PQF). To ensure that the PQF remains responsive to the skills demand and needs of the international and domestic labor markets and fully achieves its mandate, the PQF Act requires regular reviews and updates of the framework. This PQF review, the first of its kind, aims to assess various aspects of the framework. The remainder of this report consists of four sections. Section 2 provides a brief country background of the Philippines to put the discussions into context. Section 3 presents findings from the PQF review concerning the PQF's design, implementation, and utilization. Section 4 presents policy recommendations and discussions, and Section 5 concludes.

Education --- Labor Market --- Skills Development and Labor Force Training --- Social Protections and Labor --- Tertiary Education

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This note assesses pre-university education in Kosovo and identifies policies that can improve education quality and equity. There is a substantial need for improvement to the foundations of the education system, especially in terms of coverage and quality. If Kosovo is to reap the benefits of its demographic dividend for faster growth and poverty reduction, making it a policy to invest in human capital through education must be a priority. The low levels of foundational literacy skills limit the ability of Kosovars to develop the skills the labor market requires, especially for those living in rural areas and minority communities and those of low socioeconomic status. Kosovo has made considerable progress in increasing access to preprimary and primary education, but more needs to be done to equitably increase coverage of preschool and secondary education. Narrowing the wide geographic, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in education outcomes and ensuring that all children have access to quality education is paramount. The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is expected to further erode Kosovo's modest improvements made in education. Employers in Kosovo note the poor quality of the education system and the limited practical and professional skills students acquire.

Education --- Secondary Education --- Skills Development and Labor Force Training --- Social Protections and Labor