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The struggle of the Shi'is in Indonesia
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ISBN: 1925021297 1925021300 9781925021301 9781925021295 Year: 2013 Publisher: Acton, A.C.T. ANU E Press

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The Struggle of the Shi'is in Indonesia is a pioneering work. It is the first comprehensive scholarly examination in English of the development of Shiism in Indonesia.


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Reclaiming the Faravahar : Zoroastrian Survival in Contemporary Theran
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ISBN: 9087282931 9400601875 9087282141 Year: 2014 Publisher: Leiden Leiden University Press

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Reclaiming the Faravahar is an ethnographic study of the contemporary Zoroastrians in Tehran. It examines many public discursive and ritual performances to show how they utilize national, religious, and ethnic categories to frame the Zoroastrian identity within the longstanding conflict between Iranian Shi'a and Arab Sunnis, defining and defending Zoroastrians' identity and values in Shi'i dominated Iran.


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Routledge handbook of Islamic law
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 9781032092515 1032092513 Year: 2021 Publisher: London : Routledge,

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This handbook is a detailed reference source comprising original articles covering the origins, history, theory and practice of Islamic law. The handbook starts out by dealing with the question of what type of law is Islamic law and includes a critical analysis of the pedagogical approaches to studying and analysing Islamic law as a discipline. The handbook covers a broad range of issues, including the role of ethics in Islamic jurisprudence, the mechanics and processes of interpretation, the purposes and objectives of Islamic law, constitutional law and secularism, gender, bioethics, Muslim minorities in the West, jihad and terrorism. Previous publications on this topic have approached Islamic law from a variety of disciplinary and pedagogical perspectives. One of the original features of this handbook is that it treats Islamic law as a legal discipline by taking into account the historical functions and processes of legal cultures and the patterns of legal thought. With contributions from a selection of highly regarded and leading scholars in this field, the Routledge Handbook of Islamic Law is an essential resource for students and scholars who are interested in the field of Islamic Law.


Book
The Children of Abraham
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ISBN: 1400889707 9781400889709 Year: 2018 Publisher: Princeton, NJ

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F.E. Peters, a scholar without peer in the comparative study of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, revisits his pioneering work. Peters has rethought and thoroughly rewritten his classic The Children of Abraham for a new generation of readers-at a time when the understanding of these three religious traditions has taken on a new and critical urgency.He began writing about all three faiths in the 1970s, long before it was fashionable to treat Islam in the context of Judaism and Christianity, or to align all three for a family portrait. In this updated edition, he lays out the similarities and differences of the three religious siblings with great clarity and succinctness and with that same remarkable objectivity that is the hallmark of all the author's work.Peters traces the three faiths from the sixth century B.C., when the Jews returned to Palestine from exile in Babylonia, to the time in the Middle Ages when they approached their present form. He points out that all three faith groups, whom the Muslims themselves refer to as "People of the Book," share much common ground. Most notably, each embraces the practice of worshipping a God who intervenes in history on behalf of His people.The book's text is direct and accessible with thorough and nuanced discussions of each of the three religions. Footnotes provide the reader with expert guidance into the highly complex issues that lie between every line of this stunning edition of The Children of Abraham. Complete with a new preface by the author, this Princeton Classics edition presents this landmark study to a new generation of readers.

Keywords

Judaism --- Christianity. --- Islam --- Mohammedanism --- Muhammadanism --- Muslimism --- Mussulmanism --- Religions --- Muslims --- Christianity --- Church history --- Jews --- Semites --- History --- Religion --- Al-Ghazali. --- Apostasy. --- Apostolic Tradition. --- Asceticism. --- Avicenna. --- Bible. --- Caliphate. --- Canon law. --- Chosen people. --- Christ. --- Christian theology. --- Christian tradition. --- Christian. --- Christianity and Judaism. --- Christology. --- Church Fathers. --- Creed. --- Crucifixion of Jesus. --- Deity. --- Ecumenical council. --- Ekklesia (think tank). --- Essene. --- Essenes. --- Eucharist. --- Exegesis. --- Galilean. --- Gentile. --- Gnosticism. --- God. --- Hadith. --- Hebrew Bible. --- Heresy. --- Ideology. --- Ijtihad. --- Infidel. --- Islam. --- Israelites. --- Jewish Christian. --- Jewish prayer. --- Jews. --- Judaism. --- Judea (Roman province). --- Justification (theology). --- Kaaba. --- Kabbalah. --- Kafir. --- Kalam. --- Khawarij. --- Kohen. --- Law of Moses. --- Liturgy. --- Maimonides. --- Messiah in Judaism. --- Midrash. --- Mishnah. --- Mitzvah. --- Monotheism. --- Mosque. --- Muslim. --- Mysticism. --- New Covenant. --- New Testament. --- Old Testament. --- Paganism. --- Passover. --- People of the Book. --- Pharisees. --- Philosophy. --- Piety. --- Prophecy. --- Quran. --- Quraysh. --- Rabbinic Judaism. --- Recitation. --- Religion. --- Religious community. --- Religious text. --- Renunciation. --- Ritual purification. --- Sadducees. --- Sect. --- Sermon. --- Shafi'i. --- Sharia. --- Shia Islam. --- Spirituality. --- Sufism. --- Sunni Islam. --- Tafsir. --- Talmud. --- Theology. --- Torah in Islam. --- Torah. --- Ulama. --- Ummah. --- Veneration. --- Worship. --- Writing. --- Yahweh.


Book
The Album of the World Emperor : Cross-Cultural Collecting and the Art of Album-Making in Seventeenth-Century Istanbul
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ISBN: 0691194254 Year: 2020 Publisher: Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press,

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The first study of album-making in the Ottoman empire during the seventeenth century, demonstrating the period's experimentation, eclecticism, and global outlookThe Album of the World Emperor examines an extraordinary piece of art: an album of paintings, drawings, calligraphy, and European prints compiled for the Ottoman sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603-17) by his courtier Kalender Paşa (d. 1616). In this detailed study of one of the most important works of seventeenth-century Ottoman art, Emine Fetvacı uses the album to explore questions of style, iconography, foreign inspiration, and the very meaning of the visual arts in the Islamic world.The album's thirty-two folios feature artworks that range from intricate paper cutouts to the earliest examples of Islamic genre painting, and contents as eclectic as Persian and Persian-influenced calligraphy, studies of men and women of different ethnicities and backgrounds, depictions of popular entertainment and urban life, and European prints depicting Christ on the cross that in turn served as models for apocalyptic Ottoman paintings. Through the album, Fetvacı sheds light on imperial ideals as well as relationships between court life and popular culture, and shows that the boundaries between Ottoman art and the art of Iran and Western Europe were much more porous than has been assumed. Rather than perpetuating the established Ottoman idiom of the sixteenth century, the album shows that this was a time of openness to new models, outside sources, and fresh forms of expression.Beautifully illustrated and featuring all the folios of the original seventy-page album, The Album of the World Emperor revives a neglected yet significant artwork to demonstrate the distinctive aesthetic innovations of the Ottoman court.

Keywords

Art --- Art --- A Book Of. --- Abbasid Caliphate. --- Ahmad. --- Ahmed I. --- Anecdote. --- Apse. --- Arabic alphabet. --- Art history. --- Astrology. --- Bayezid II. --- Boyar. --- Caliphate. --- Calligraphy. --- Coffeehouse. --- Collecting. --- College Art Association. --- Costume. --- Courtier. --- Cross-cultural. --- Dome of the Rock. --- Dust Muhammad. --- Early modern Europe. --- Early modern period. --- Edirne. --- Engraving. --- Eunuch. --- Generosity. --- Ghazal. --- Grand Vizier. --- Iconography. --- Ignatius of Loyola. --- Illustration. --- Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire). --- Islam. --- Islamic art. --- Jahangir. --- Kaaba. --- Kuyucu Murad Pasha. --- Literature. --- Lyric poetry. --- Majlis. --- Mehmed III. --- Mehmed. --- Mevlevi Order. --- Miscellany. --- Mosque. --- Mughal Empire. --- Mughal emperors. --- Muhammad al-Mahdi. --- Muhammad. --- Murad II. --- Murad III. --- Murad IV. --- Murad. --- Muslim world. --- Narrative. --- Nasuh Pasha. --- Nef'i. --- Osman II. --- Ottoman Empire. --- Ottoman architecture. --- Ottoman court. --- Ottoman dynasty. --- Ottoman poetry. --- Painting. --- Physiognomy. --- Piety. --- Poetry. --- Princeton University Press. --- Privy chamber. --- Prose. --- Ruler. --- Rumelia. --- Safavid dynasty. --- Safiye Sultan. --- Selim I. --- Seljuq dynasty. --- Shams Tabrizi. --- Sharma. --- Sheikh. --- Shia Islam. --- Society of Jesus. --- Sufism. --- Sultan Ahmed Mosque. --- Sultan Husayn. --- Sunni Islam. --- The Various. --- Timur. --- Timurid Empire. --- Timurid dynasty. --- Transliteration. --- Treatise. --- Urbanization. --- Vizier. --- Western Europe. --- Work of art. --- Writing process. --- Writing. --- Yahya Efendi. --- Yale University. --- Collectors and collecting. --- Collectors and collecting --- Ahmed --- Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi. --- Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi --- Bauhaus Dessau --- Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi. --- 1600-1699 --- Turkey --- Turkey. --- Osmanisches Reich --- A Book Of. --- Abbasid Caliphate. --- Ahmad. --- Ahmed I. --- Anecdote. --- Apse. --- Arabic alphabet. --- Art history. --- Astrology. --- Bayezid II. --- Boyar. --- Caliphate. --- Calligraphy. --- Coffeehouse. --- Collecting. --- College Art Association. --- Costume. --- Courtier. --- Cross-cultural. --- Dome of the Rock. --- Dust Muhammad. --- Early modern Europe. --- Early modern period. --- Edirne. --- Engraving. --- Eunuch. --- Generosity. --- Ghazal. --- Grand Vizier. --- Iconography. --- Ignatius of Loyola. --- Illustration. --- Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire). --- Islam. --- Islamic art. --- Jahangir. --- Kaaba. --- Kuyucu Murad Pasha. --- Literature. --- Lyric poetry. --- Majlis. --- Mehmed III. --- Mehmed. --- Mevlevi Order. --- Miscellany. --- Mosque. --- Mughal Empire. --- Mughal emperors. --- Muhammad al-Mahdi. --- Muhammad. --- Murad II. --- Murad III. --- Murad IV. --- Murad. --- Muslim world. --- Narrative. --- Nasuh Pasha. --- Nef'i. --- Osman II. --- Ottoman Empire. --- Ottoman architecture. --- Ottoman court. --- Ottoman dynasty. --- Ottoman poetry. --- Painting. --- Physiognomy. --- Piety. --- Poetry. --- Princeton University Press. --- Privy chamber. --- Prose. --- Ruler. --- Rumelia. --- Safavid dynasty. --- Safiye Sultan. --- Selim I. --- Seljuq dynasty. --- Shams Tabrizi. --- Sharma. --- Sheikh. --- Shia Islam. --- Society of Jesus. --- Sufism. --- Sultan Ahmed Mosque. --- Sultan Husayn. --- Sunni Islam. --- The Various. --- Timur. --- Timurid Empire. --- Timurid dynasty. --- Transliteration. --- Treatise. --- Urbanization. --- Vizier. --- Western Europe. --- Work of art. --- Writing process. --- Writing. --- Yahya Efendi. --- Yale University.

Between Muslim and Jew. The Problem of Symbiosis under early Islam
Author:
ISBN: 0691034559 1306984408 0691608970 1400864135 Year: 1995 Publisher: Princeton : Princeton University Press,

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Steven Wasserstrom undertakes a detailed analysis of the "creative symbiosis" that existed between Jewish and Muslim religious thought in the eighth through tenth centuries. Wasserstrom brings the disciplinary approaches of religious studies to bear on questions that have been examined previously by historians and by specialists in Judaism and Islam. His thematic approach provides an example of how difficult questions of influence might be opened up for broader examination.In Part I, "Trajectories," the author explores early Jewish-Muslim interactions, studying such areas as messianism, professions, authority, and class structure and showing how they were reshaped during the first centuries of Islam. Part II, "Constructions," looks at influences of Judaism on the development of the emerging Shi'ite community. This is tied to the wider issue of how early Muslims conceptualized "the Jew." In Part III, "Intimacies," the author tackles the complex "esoteric symbiosis" between Muslim and Jewish theologies. An investigation of the milieu in which Jews and Muslims interacted sheds new light on their shared religious imaginings. Throughout, Wasserstrom expands on the work of social and political historians to include symbolic and conceptual aspects of interreligious symbiosis. This book will interest scholars of Judaism and Islam, as well as those who are attracted by the larger issues exposed by its methodology.Originally published in 1995.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Keywords

Islam --- Jews --- Judaism --- Relations --- Judaism. --- Intellectual life. --- Islam. --- History. --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Religions --- Religion --- Adab (Islam). --- Ahmad al-Buni. --- Al-Amin. --- Al-Baladhuri. --- Al-Masudi. --- Allusion. --- Ancient Canaanite religion. --- Ancient Judaism (book). --- Arabic name. --- Arabs. --- Ark of the Covenant. --- B'nai Moshe. --- Bar Hebraeus. --- Baraita. --- Batiniyya. --- Berakhot (Talmud). --- Book of Daniel. --- Book of Leviticus. --- Comparative religion. --- Conversion to Judaism. --- Court Jew. --- Covenanter. --- Dual naming. --- Economy. --- Ethnic group. --- Ghulat. --- Halakha. --- Hanafi. --- Hebrew Bible. --- Hebrew name. --- Hermann Cohen. --- Homer. --- Husayn ibn Ali. --- Interfaith dialogue. --- Islam and the West. --- Islamic religious leaders. --- Islamic–Jewish relations. --- Israel. --- Israelites. --- Jewish Christian. --- Jewish diaspora. --- Jewish eschatology. --- Jewish history. --- Jewish leadership. --- Jewish mysticism. --- Jewish philosophy. --- Jewish prayer. --- Jewish religious movements. --- Jewish studies. --- Jews. --- Judah Halevi. --- Judeo-Christian. --- Julius Wellhausen. --- Karaite Judaism. --- Kitab al-Aghani. --- Kunya (Arabic). --- Law of Moses. --- Levantines (Latin Christians). --- Maimonides. --- Medium of exchange. --- Menahem. --- Merkava. --- Messianic Age. --- Messianism. --- Metatron. --- Moshe Gil. --- Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah. --- Muslim. --- Muslims (nationality). --- Nation state. --- Norman Stillman. --- Persian Jews. --- Quran. --- Quraysh. --- Rabbinic Judaism. --- Reconstructionist Judaism. --- Religion. --- Religious text. --- Sectarianism. --- Sefer (Hebrew). --- Semitic people. --- Shema Yisrael. --- Shia Islam. --- Sikhism. --- Solomon Zeitlin. --- Solomon ibn Gabirol. --- Spread of Islam. --- Sunni Islam. --- Talmud. --- The Jews of Islam. --- Third Heaven. --- Tosefta. --- Trade route. --- Umma. --- Yazidis. --- Yemenite Jews. --- Zerubbabel. --- Zionism.


Book
Waqf in Central Asia : four hundred years in the history of a Muslim shrine, 1480-1889
Author:
ISBN: 069105584X 1322018529 0691605440 0691634416 1400861969 Year: 1991 Publisher: Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press,

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Waqfs, or religious endowments, have long been at the very center of daily Islamic life, establishing religious, cultural, and welfare institutions and serving as a legal means to keep family property intact through several generations. In this book R. D. McChesney focuses on the major Muslim shrine at Balkh--once a flourishing city on an ancient trade route in what is now northern Afghanistan--and provides a detailed study of the political, economic, and social conditions that influenced, and were influenced by, the development of a single religious endowment. From its founding in 1480 until 1889, when the Afghan government took control of it, the waqf at Balkh was a formidable economic force in a financially dynamic region, particularly during those times when the endowment's sacred character and the tax privileges it acquired gave its managers considerable financial security. This study sheds new light on the legal institution of waqf within Muslim society and on how political conditions affected the development of socio-religious institutions throughout Central Asia over a period of four hundred years.Originally published in 1991.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Keywords

Charitable uses, trusts, and foundations --- Islamic shrines --- Fondations (Droit) --- History --- Histoire --- Mazar-e Sharif (Afghanistan) --- Mazare e Sharif (Afghanistan) --- History. --- Mazār-i Sharīf (Afghanistan) --- Muslim shrines --- Shrines --- Charitable remainder trusts --- Donations --- Endowments --- Charities --- Charity laws and legislation --- Juristic persons --- Trusts and trustees --- Uses (Law) --- Charitable bequests --- Law and legislation --- Mazār-e Sharīf (Afghanistan) --- Mazār-e Sharīf, Afghanistan --- Mazār Sharīf (Afghanistan) --- Mazari Sharif (Afghanistan) --- Abbasid Caliphate. --- Abd Al-Rahman. --- Abd al-Mu'min. --- Abu Bakr. --- Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib. --- Abu Yazid. --- Abu Yusuf. --- Abu'l-Khayr Khan. --- Ahab. --- Ahl al-Bayt. --- Ahmad Shah. --- Al-Ghazali. --- Al-Qastallani. --- Al-Shahrastani. --- Ali Mardan Khan. --- Appanage. --- Aqsaqal. --- Ardabil. --- Ashraf Ghani. --- Atabeg. --- Badakhshan. --- Bahram (Shahnameh). --- Balkh. --- Banna'i. --- Battle of Khaybar. --- Bayazid Bastami. --- Bukhara. --- Caliphate. --- Central Asia. --- Central Authority. --- Dastur al-Muluk. --- Deployment plan. --- Dushanbe. --- Emirate. --- Foreign policy. --- Hanafi. --- Hegira. --- Herat. --- Hulagu Khan. --- Ibn Battuta. --- Ishmael in Islam. --- Iskandar (Timurid dynasty). --- Islam. --- Islamic culture. --- Islamic state. --- Ja'far al-Sadiq. --- Kandahar. --- Karbala. --- Kashgar. --- Khagan. --- Khan (title). --- Khanate. --- Khaybar. --- Khoja (Turkestan). --- Kipchaks. --- Majlis. --- Maoism. --- Mazar-i-Sharif. --- Mihrab. --- Mufti. --- Muhammad Akram. --- Muhammad Ishaq. --- Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan). --- Muhammad Salih. --- Muhammad al-Baqir. --- Muhammad al-Shaybani. --- Muhammad of Ghor. --- Mukhayriq. --- Murad Bakhsh. --- Naqshbandi. --- Oedipus complex. --- Qadi. --- Rabi' al-awwal. --- Rustam (Haqqani network). --- Safavid dynasty. --- Sahabah. --- Samarkand. --- Sayyid. --- Shafi'i. --- Shah Jahan. --- Shahnameh. --- Shahrbanu. --- Shams al-Din Muhammad. --- Sheikh. --- Shia Islam. --- Shrine of Ali. --- Sufism. --- Syncretism. --- Tariqa. --- Timur. --- Transoxiana. --- Turkistan (city). --- Umayyad Caliphate. --- Uthman. --- Uzbek language. --- Uzbeks. --- Waqf. --- Yaqut al-Hamawi. --- Zaidiyyah. --- Zakat. --- Mazar-i Sharif (Afghanistan)

The Shi'is of Iraq
Author:
ISBN: 0691115753 0691190445 9780691115757 Year: 2003 Publisher: Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press

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The Shi'is of Iraq provides a comprehensive history of Iraq's majority group and its turbulent relations with the ruling Sunni minority. Yitzhak Nakash challenges the widely held belief that Shi'i society and politics in Iraq are a reflection of Iranian Shi'ism, pointing to the strong Arab attributes of Iraqi Shi'ism. He contends that behind the power struggle in Iraq between Arab Sunnis and Shi'is there exist two sectarian groups that are quite similar. The tension fueling the sectarian problem between Sunnis and Shi'is is political rather than ethnic or cultural, and it reflects the competition of the two groups over the right to rule and to define the meaning of nationalism in Iraq. A new introduction brings this book into the new century and illuminates the role that Shi`is could play in postwar Iraq.

Keywords

Shiites --- Shīʻah --- Chiites --- Chiisme --- History. --- History --- Political activity. --- Histoire --- Activité politique --- Iraq --- Irak --- Religious life and customs. --- Vie religieuse --- Sociology of religion --- Islam --- National movements --- anno 1900-1999 --- Shiah --- Shiites. --- Shīʻah. --- Schiiten --- Sjiʻisme. --- Iraq. --- Irak. --- Shia Muslims --- Shiah Muslims --- Shiahs --- Shias --- Shiite Muslims --- Muslims --- Imamites --- Shia --- Shiism --- Twelvers (Islam) --- Islamic sects --- Alids --- Schia --- Ahl aš-šīʿa --- Shiʻa --- Schiʻism --- Republik Irak --- Irāq --- ʿIrāq --- al-Gumhūrīya-Irāqīya --- <> Ǧumhūrīya al-ʿIrāqīya --- Komarī ʿĪrāq --- Iraqi Republic --- Ǧumhūrīyat al-ʿIrāq --- Republic of Iraq --- Bilād al-Rāfidayn --- Iraker --- Bilād al-Rāfidayn --- Bilād --- Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah --- Rāfidayn, Bilād --- Ahl aš-šīʿa --- Shīʻah --- Shiites - Iraq - History. --- Shiah - Iraq. --- 'Adud al-Dawla. --- Abdul-Muttalib. --- Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani. --- Abu al-Qasim. --- Ahl al-Bayt. --- Ahmad Kasravi. --- Al-Amin. --- Al-Dawla. --- Al-Ghadir. --- Al-Hadi. --- Al-Hayat. --- Al-Hilli. --- Al-Mahdi. --- Al-Mu'tamid. --- Al-Mulk. --- Al-Nasir. --- Al-Qaeda. --- Al-Qassab. --- Al-Shahrastani. --- Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid. --- Al-Tusi. --- Ali Al-Wardi. --- Ali al-Ridha. --- Amin al-Husseini. --- Anglo-Iraqi Treaty. --- Bani Malik (tribe). --- Bektashi Order. --- Caliphate. --- Emir. --- Fakhr al-Din. --- Hafez. --- Hajji. --- Hamid Algar. --- Hashim. --- Hikmat Sulayman. --- Husayn ibn Ali. --- Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca. --- Hussein. --- Ibn Babawayh. --- Insurgency. --- Iranian Revolution. --- Iraqi Army. --- Iraqi Communist Party. --- Iraqi nationalism. --- Iraqis in Iran. --- Iraqis. --- Islam in Iraq. --- Islam. --- Islamic party. --- Ja'far al-Sadiq. --- Ja'far. --- Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani. --- Karbala. --- King of Syria. --- Kurdistan. --- Kurds in Iraq. --- Kuwait. --- Muawiyah I. --- Muhammad Baqir Majlisi. --- Muhammad al-Mahdi. --- Muhammad. --- Muhsin al-Hakim. --- Mujahideen. --- Murad III. --- Musa al-Kadhim. --- Naqib al-ashraf. --- Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. --- Nizam al-Mulk. --- Politique. --- Puritans. --- Qizilbash. --- Quraysh. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Revolution of 1905. --- Reza Shah. --- Roy Mottahedeh. --- Ruhollah Khomeini. --- Saddam Hussein. --- Sanctions against Iraq. --- Sati' al-Husri. --- Saud of Saudi Arabia. --- Sayyid. --- Sharaf al-Din. --- Sharia. --- Sharif of Mecca. --- Sheikh. --- Shia Islam. --- Sunni Islam. --- Syed Ahmad Khan. --- Tarif Khalidi. --- Tatbir. --- The Iraqis (party). --- Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad. --- Ulama. --- Umayyad Caliphate. --- Usuli. --- Uthman. --- Wahhabism. --- Yasin al-Hashimi.

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