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Russo-Ukrainian War, 2014 --- -Russo-Ukrainian War, 2014 --- -Russo-Ukrainian War, 2014-

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The world has been splintered by geopolitics and yet is still bound by inter­dependence. As competition between the world's great powers surges, multiple trends point towards the collapse of the international order. Russia's aggression against Ukraine marks a tipping point, potentially turning an already contested world into one of lasting regression on the political, security, economic, social and environmental fronts. While this scenario is not inevitable, it will take determined leadership to ward it off. This book argues that the European Union can, in cooperation with others, play a crucial role in averting a regressive world. However, doing so will require a decisive change of gear: deepening European integration while pursuing EU enlargement, enhancing all dimensions of Europe's power, and shifting from crisis management to delivering structural solutions to systemic challenges.

Political leadership. --- Russo-Ukrainian War, 2014-

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The weaponisation of social-media by Russia should be the subject of continuous in-depth analysis and monitoring by NATO's command structures and its allies. This would require employing specialists with excellent Russian-language skills and the cultural awareness to be able to pick up on particular keywords, messages, historic links and interpretations. Similarly, it is important to measure the resonance and effectiveness of Russia's propaganda activities in social media by using network analysis and testing the influence of different content on target audiences. It is important to ensure the pluralism of information, opinions and voices speaking on behalf of NATO, the 'West' and also on behalf of the Kremlin and Russia. Varied information about the same events results in the mutual reduction of the influence of different senders. The Allied governments and NATO have to empower non-government voices such as journalists, experts, social activists and reputable NGOs by providing them with timely information on issues of importance, ensuring active feedback loops and identifying new information-sharing platforms. Young audiences in the Allied countries and also in Russia may be internet-savvy but at the same time lack awareness of propaganda and other influencing techniques. Notwithstanding, all society members are susceptible to Russian propaganda as it resonates with their fears, needs and motivations. School education programmes on (digital) media literacy and social-awareness campaigns on the impact of propaganda on society should be introduced to mitigate the effects of hostile information campaigns, particularly online ones. Particular attention should be paid to the potential of manipulation with imagery as it is one of the most effective and widely used online propaganda methods. It appears that the online-journalist community (both professional and non-professional) also lacks awareness of propaganda and other influencing techniques at times, or does not devote enough effort to checking and analysing sources. Since the media still remains an authority in the eyes of most people, it can unintentionally amplify rumours and propaganda messages as content is shared. Closer cooperation with journalists as regards information is needed, by supplying them with materials and content based on facts, and organizing workshops on the significance of what they publish during particular information-war campaigns. A major component of combating internet trolls should be unmasking them and exposing their activities. Because, in this type of conflict, the volume of posts matters (even the most intelligent argumentation disappears in an abundance of less sophisticated, but more numerous messages on the part of the opponent), different institutions should activate internet users so that organized masses of troll posts could be opposed by organized groups of citizens aware of trolling. Combatting trolls should utilise two tactics: at the comment level, and exposing falsities. The first requires short, coherent, logical and, above all, numerous comments. It is important to block the propaganda effects of pluralistic ignorance, the spiral of silence and the bandwagon effect (see Section 3.3), which are inherent in the internet. The second level requires cooperation between internet users and researchers who are able to expose and compromise trolls. Trolls extensively employ personal attacks rather than argument, hence their comments often contain 'hate speech' (text that threatens, insults or attacks a person or group on the basis of national origin, ethnicity, race or religion). Whilst respecting freedom of speech, administrators of websites and social media portals should be more active in monitoring content for hate speech, and blocking and reporting it, as required by law.

Cultural awareness. --- Information warfare. --- Russo-Ukrainian War, 2014 --- -Cultural awareness. --- Russo-Ukrainian War, 2014-

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In a collective monograph prepared by specialists of the National Institute for Strategic Studies, for the first time in domestic and world science, the phenomenon of global hybrid warfare in the perspective of Russian aggression against the country has been studied in detail. The essence of hybrid warfare is considered in the context of the systemic crisis of world security, and its phenomenon - as the latest form of global confrontation. The reasons and preconditions of the Russian aggression against Ukraine, its strategic goals, as well as the peculiarities of hybrid warfare in various dimensions: military, political, economic, social, humanitarian, informational are considered in detail. The local successes of our state in counteracting the hostile plans of the Russian Federation in certain directions are analyzed. The general conclusion is made that Ukraine has proved its ability as a state that defends its sovereignty in the fight against the aggressor. The issues of reforming international security institutions and finding a balance of power in the new, hybrid reality are considered. Designed for politicians, political analysts, high-ranking civil servants, scientists in the field of security. The results of the research are of interest to educators, representatives of civil society, as well as nationally conscious citizens.

Russo-Ukrainian War, 2014 --- -Hybrid warfare --- Information warfare --- Disinformation

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"This book investigates the making of Ukraine's foreign policy towards the European Union and Russia between February 2014 and February 2015. To contextualize the events of the first year of the Russian-Ukrainian War, Nychyk lays out the history of the EU-Ukraine-Russia triangle since 1991 and draws lessons relevant for the 2022 Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The book is based on her doctoral research and rests on a game-theory-inspired approach to foreign policy analysis. It relies on 38 elite interviews, official documents, and media reports. Nychyk uncovers various mutual misperceptions in EU-Ukraine-Russia relations. Looking at Ukraine's 'side of the story', her analysis shows how Russian assertiveness and the EU's passivity, but also Ukrainian leaders' limited crisis management experience and erroneous policy decisions contributed to worse outcomes for Ukraine. The latter included poor analysis of foreign interlocutors, trust in their good intentions, and corruption. After 2015, a persistence -- although with certain changes -- of some of these pathologies left Ukraine in a weaker position in the face of Russia's full-scale invasion in February 2022."

Russo-Ukrainian War, 2014 --- -Ukraine --- Russia (Federation) --- Ukraine --- Foreign relations