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"The Nazi 1933 Civil Service Law and the 1935 Nuremberg Laws are generally considered the first anti-Jewish decrees in Europe. Mária Kovács convincingly argues that Act XXV of 1920 concerning university enrollment in Hungary can instead be considered one of the first pieces of twentieth-century anti-Jewish legislation - if not the very first. This act, known as the "numerus clausus law," specified that members of a single "nationality" or "people's race" could not be admitted at a higher rate than their share in the total population. The law especially targeted Jews, who represented 6% of the inhabitants yet, until then, about 25% of university students. The study presents the history of the law, including its amendment in 1928, the re-introduction of the Jewish quota in 1939, and its abolition in 1945. By describing the conditions after the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, Kovács shows in what ways these events, and especially how the numerus clausus law, affected the Jews. The law heralded a new line of political thought. According to it, the "Jewish question" could only be solved by special laws that denied their equality before the law. In this sense, the numerus clausus law was just as much a "Jewish law" as the four acts, explicitly labeled as such, passed by the Hungarian Parliament between May 1938 and September 1942"--

Numerus clausus --- Jews --- Antisemitism --- Race defilement (Nuremberg Laws of 1935) --- Civil service --- HISTORY / Jewish --- LAW / Legal History --- History --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Education --- Anti-Jewish Laws. --- Antisemitism. --- Interwar Hungary. --- Jewish Question.

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Der Staatssekretär im Reichsministerium des Innern Wilhelm Stuckart (1902-1953) war einer der wichtigsten juristischen Interpreten und Legitimatoren des NS-Staates. Als Mit-Autor der Nürnberger Rassegesetze goss er dessen biologistische Grundlagen in Gesetze und begleitete später die Vorbereitungen zum Genozid. Im Frühjahr 1942 vertrat er auf der Endlösungskonferenz am Wannsee sein Ressort. Nach dem Krieg gehörte Stuckart zu den Schöpfern der Legende von der "sauberen Verwaltung", die sich den rassistischen Ansprüchen der NS-Machthaber widersetzt habe. Die biographische Auseinandersetzung mit Stuckart belegt nicht nur die prägende Funktion von führenden Juristen in der NS-Verwaltung, sie untersucht auch die Rolle der Innenverwaltung und ihre Mitwirkung am Genozid. Hans-Christian Jasch ist für seine Arbeit mit dem Richard-Schmid-Preis für Justizgeschichte 2012 des Forums Justizgeschichte ausgezeichnet worden.

Cabinet officers -- Germany -- Biography. --- Jews -- Persecutions -- Germany. --- Stuckart, Wilhelm, -- 1902-1953. --- Cabinet officers --- Jews --- Race defilement (Nuremberg Laws of 1935) --- Regions & Countries - Europe --- History & Archaeology --- Germany --- Persecutions --- History --- Legal status, laws, etc --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Stuckart, Wilhelm, --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Racial defilement (Nuremberg Laws of 1935) --- Racial infamy (Nuremberg Laws of 1935) --- Rassenschande (Nuremberg Laws of 1935) --- Cabinet ministers --- Ministers of State --- Secretaries of State --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- Public officers

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"Nazism triumphed in Germany during the high era of Jim Crow laws in the United States. Did the American regime of racial oppression in any way inspire the Nazis? The unsettling answer is yes. In Hitler's American Model, James Whitman presents a detailed investigation of the American impact on the notorious Nuremberg Laws, the centerpiece anti-Jewish legislation of the Nazi regime. Contrary to those who have insisted that there was no meaningful connection between American and German racial repression, Whitman demonstrates that the Nazis took a real, sustained, significant, and revealing interest in American race policies. As Whitman shows, the Nuremberg Laws were crafted in an atmosphere of considerable attention to the precedents American race laws had to offer. German praise for American practices, already found in Hitler's Mein Kampf, was continuous throughout the early 1930s, and the most radical Nazi lawyers were eager advocates of the use of American models. But while Jim Crow segregation was one aspect of American law that appealed to Nazi radicals, it was not the most consequential one. Rather, both American citizenship and anti-miscegenation laws proved directly relevant to the two principal Nuremberg Laws--the Citizenship Law and the Blood Law. Whitman looks at the ultimate, ugly irony that when Nazis rejected American practices, it was sometimes not because they found them too enlightened, but too harsh. Indelibly linking American race laws to the shaping of Nazi policies in Germany, Hitler's American Model upends understandings of America's influence on racist practices in the wider world"--

Jews --- Race defilement (Nuremberg Laws of 1935) --- Race discrimination --- Citizenship --- National socialism --- Antisemitism --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- African Americans --- Segregation --- Bias, Racial --- Discrimination, Racial --- Race bias --- Racial bias --- Racial discrimination --- Discrimination --- Desegregation --- Minorities --- Catastrophe, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Destruction of the Jews (1939-1945) --- Extermination, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Holocaust, Nazi --- Ḥurban (1939-1945) --- Ḥurbn (1939-1945) --- Jewish Catastrophe (1939-1945) --- Jewish Holocaust (1939-1945) --- Nazi Holocaust --- Nazi persecution of Jews --- Shoʾah (1939-1945) --- Genocide --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Kindertransports (Rescue operations) --- Nazism --- Authoritarianism --- Fascism --- Nazis --- Neo-Nazism --- Totalitarianism --- Birthright citizenship --- Citizenship (International law) --- National citizenship --- Nationality (Citizenship) --- Political science --- Public law --- Allegiance --- Civics --- Domicile --- Political rights --- Racial defilement (Nuremberg Laws of 1935) --- Racial infamy (Nuremberg Laws of 1935) --- Rassenschande (Nuremberg Laws of 1935) --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- Legal status, laws, etc --- History --- Law and legislation --- Segregation&delete& --- Nazi persecution --- Persecutions --- Atrocities --- Jewish resistance --- Causes --- Hitler, Adolf --- Political and social views. --- History of the law --- History of Germany and Austria --- anno 1930-1939 --- anno 1940-1949 --- United States --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Blacks --- Black people --- Holocaust, Nazi (Jewish Holocaust) --- Nazi Holocaust (Jewish Holocaust) --- Nazi persecution (1939-1945) --- Gitler, Adolʹf, --- Hsi-tʻe-le, --- Hitlar, ʼAdolf, --- Chitler, Adolphos, --- Hitler, Adolph, --- Khitler, Adolf, --- Hitlerus, Adolfus, --- Hiṭlar, Aṭālpu, --- היטלר --- היטלר, אדולף, --- United States of America