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Intracranial endovascular use of Balloon and Stent has expanded significantly. This issue will highlight the use today with its advantages and limitations, focusing on most recent advancements. This discussion will also emphasize the improvements made towards understanding the disease process itself, no longer limiting the practice to devices alone. Wide-necked intracranial aneurysms (IA) were originally thought to be either untreatable or, at the least, significantly challenging to treat by endovascular means due to the risk of coil protrusion into the parent vessel. Through recent advancements, balloon-remodeling technique (BRT) has been introduced. Additionally, stents specifically designed for intracranial use have progressively allowed these lesions to be treated endovascularly. BRT and stent-assisted coiling technique (SACT) were utilized for sidewall aneurysms, however both techniques have gained experience and technical development to treat bifurcated, complex-shaped, wide-neck aneurysms. Therefore, this article will review the inherent benefits and drawbacks to BRT as well as SACT. The Chinese healthcare system has had significant improvements, however, this nation of 1.4 billion continues to faces challenges towards stroke treatment. Intracranial atherosclerosis is a prominent cause of stroke in various populations worldwide, including China, and has been noted to be the most common vascular lesion in stroke patients. Furthermore, symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis of an intracranial artery results in a 14% risk of recurrent ischemia. This article will summarize the challenges of risk factor modification and secondary stroke prevention by defining optimal strategies. After the publication of clinical trial SAMMPRIS, neurologists began to hesitate referring patients to interventionists. With intracranial artery stenosis being an important cause of stroke, we have designed a prospective study and a multicenter RCT to verify the effectiveness of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting (PTAS). This article will report the current situation, considerations for further clinical work in the field of intracranial artery stenosis in China and worldwide. Angioplasty used in the setting of symptomatic intracranial stenosis has been performed for more than two decades. The technique has gradually become refined, randomized data is lacking to show the benefits compared to medical treatment. Nevertheless, medical treatment with severe symptomatic stenosis (>70%) continues to have high rates of stroke and death. This paper will review the history of angioplasty, current trends, and future uses of this treatment technique. Despite impressive recanalization rates in ischemic stroke treatment, the clinical improvement rate has remained unchanged. In the last 20 years, less than 50% of patients demonstrated improvement resulting in the concept of the 50% barrier. This article will discuss the lack of optimal patient selection criteria and present the hypothesized capillary index score (CIS) on IMS I, II, III to surpass the 50% barrier. Expansion of devices capable of mechanically interrupting clots found in occluded vessels has occurred in recent years. However, evidence is lacking to prove their advances over thrombolytic interventions that carry fewer risks. This article will review data from IMS III in order to answer this extremely fundamental question.

Neurology. --- Stroke --- Management. --- Prevention. --- Medicine --- Nervous system --- Neuropsychiatry --- Apoplexy --- Brain --- Cerebral circulation disorders --- Cerebral vascular accident --- Cerebrovascular accident --- Cerebrovascular disorders --- Cerebrovascular syndrome --- CVA (Disease) --- Neglect (Neurology) --- Diseases --- Blood-vessels --- stent assisted coiling technique (SACT) --- Intracranial aneurysms --- balloon remodeling technique (BRT) --- intracranial endovascular --- Acute ischemic stroke --- intracranial vasospasms --- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage --- percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting (PTAS) --- capillary index score (CIS) --- intracranial stenosis

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This is a practical handbook providing readers with a step-by-step description of how to perform some of the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) techniques for treating chronic total occlusion (CTO) and how to troubleshoot some of the problems along the way. PCI has emerged as a very effective procedure to help patients with CTOs, with high success and low complications rates. However, it remains a very challenging procedure with multiple challenges, both in managing specific cases, but also in the learning process. Percutaneous Intervention for Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion: The Hybrid Approach represents a practical book formatted to assist the busy interventional cardiologist in learning the techniques. Numerous examples are provided, with a vast selection of still images and over 150 angiographic video loops. The concept of the book is to provide a quick reference tool to help identify the most common problems encountered with instruction on the most effective method of counteracting them.  It will become a “must have” for operators who want a quick reference for the procedure.

Cardiovascular Diseases --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Coronary heart disease --- Transluminal angioplasty. --- Therapeutic embolization. --- Surgery. --- Treatment. --- Embolization, Therapeutic --- Embolotherapy --- Angioplasty, Balloon --- Angioplasty, Transluminal --- Balloon angioplasty --- Dilatation, Transluminal arterial --- Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty --- PTA (Medicine) --- Transluminal arterial dilatation --- Hemostasis, Surgical --- Interventional radiology --- Angioplasty --- Arterial catheterization --- Arteries --- Heart --- Dilatation --- Surgery --- Cardiology. --- Interventional radiology. --- Radiology, Medical. --- Endoscopic surgery. --- Interventional Radiology. --- Diagnostic Radiology. --- Minimally Invasive Surgery. --- Endosurgery --- Minimal access surgery --- Minimally invasive surgery --- MIS (Minimally invasive surgery) --- Operative endoscopy --- Surgical endoscopy --- Endoscopy --- Microsurgery --- Surgery, Operative --- Clinical radiology --- Radiology, Medical --- Radiology (Medicine) --- Medical physics --- Radiology, Interventional --- Medical radiology --- Therapeutics --- Internal medicine --- Diseases --- Interventional radiology . --- Radiology. --- Minimally invasive surgery. --- Radiological physics --- Physics --- Radiation