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This is a review of the topic of fibrinolysis contributed by authors who are specialized in the clinical and basic studies of this topic. These include: the endothelial receptor of tissue plasminogen activator, by Dr. Katherine Hajjar; regulation of S100 by pml-rar-alpha oncoprotein, by Dr. O’Connell; receptor of urokinase type plasminogen activator, by Dr. M. Ploug et al.; tissue plasminogen activator induction in purjinjen neuron, by Dr. Seeds; fibrinolysis from the blood to the brain, by Dr. Robert Metcalf; tissue plasminogen activator induces the opening of the blood–brain barrier, by Dr. M. Yepes; fibrinolysis shutdown in trauma: a historical review and clinical application, by Drs. Hunter Moore and Ernest Moore; fibrinolysis in immunity, by Drs. K. Kolev and Robert Medcalf; the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, by Drs. M. Erin, A.E. Boe, and E.A. Klyachko; and finally, persistent fibrinolysis shutdown is associated with increased mortality in severely injured trauma patients, by J.P. Meizoso.

COVID-19 --- fibrinolysis --- renin-aldosterone-angiotensin-system (RAAS) --- plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) --- urokinase plasminogen activator --- urokinase plasminogen activator receptor --- plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 --- acute lung injury and repair and pleural injury and pleural organization --- PAI-1 --- cardiovascular disease --- cancer --- inflammation --- fibrosis --- aging --- obstructive sleep apnoea --- OSA --- coagulation --- platelets --- brown adipose tissue --- obesity --- plasminogen activation --- immune response --- thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor --- TAFI --- proCPU --- proCPB --- proCPR --- carboxypeptidase --- uPA --- uPAR --- PA system --- tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) --- urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) --- neurodegeneration --- thrombin --- shear --- clot retraction --- Factor XIII --- clot stability --- NETs --- plasmin --- plasminogen activator --- PAI-2 --- antiplasmin

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Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Since early diagnosis and optimal treatment selection are crucial to improving the prognosis of these diseases, the discovery of useful biomarkers has the potential to greatly reduce their burden. Recent technical and mechanical developments have allowed for the detection of tiny differences in various factors modified in physical conditions, which could contribute to the discovery of novel biomarkers for some diseases.In this Special Issue, we aim to focus on novel biomarkers for GI cancers, including esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer and biliary cancer. In addition, any samples (tissue, blood, urine and feces) are useful as biomarker sources, although body-fluid-based biomarkers are promising as diagnostic biomarkers due to their noninvasiveness. This Special Issue aims to collect novel insights clarifying the current situation and future perspective in this field.

Medicine --- Oncology --- colorectal cancer --- advanced adenoma --- screening --- stool --- mRNA --- cancer screening --- cirrhosis --- AFP --- machine learning --- MALDI-TOF --- proteomics --- CXCR4 --- prognosis --- overall survival --- rectal cancer --- neoadjuvant chemoradiation --- mouse model --- biomarkers --- urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) --- urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) --- plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) --- circulating tumour cell (CTC) --- gastric cancer --- oesophageal cancer --- serine proteases --- tumour microenvironment --- serpins --- biomarker --- chemoresistance --- liquid biopsy --- microRNA --- long non-coding RNA --- colorectal neoplasms --- cancer screening tests --- early detection of cancer --- precision medicine --- unfolded protein --- hepatocellular cancer --- GSVA --- unfolded protein score --- epigenetic regulation genes --- somatic mutations --- molecular genetic markers --- extracellular vesicles --- microbiome --- 16S rRNA amplicon --- metagenomics --- liver fibrosis --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- recurrence --- SHG/TPEF microscopy --- artificial intelligence --- advanced gastric cancer --- targeted therapy --- urinary miRNA --- miR-129-1-3p --- miR-566 --- colorectal cancer --- advanced adenoma --- screening --- stool --- mRNA --- cancer screening --- cirrhosis --- AFP --- machine learning --- MALDI-TOF --- proteomics --- CXCR4 --- prognosis --- overall survival --- rectal cancer --- neoadjuvant chemoradiation --- mouse model --- biomarkers --- urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) --- urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) --- plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) --- circulating tumour cell (CTC) --- gastric cancer --- oesophageal cancer --- serine proteases --- tumour microenvironment --- serpins --- biomarker --- chemoresistance --- liquid biopsy --- microRNA --- long non-coding RNA --- colorectal neoplasms --- cancer screening tests --- early detection of cancer --- precision medicine --- unfolded protein --- hepatocellular cancer --- GSVA --- unfolded protein score --- epigenetic regulation genes --- somatic mutations --- molecular genetic markers --- extracellular vesicles --- microbiome --- 16S rRNA amplicon --- metagenomics --- liver fibrosis --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- recurrence --- SHG/TPEF microscopy --- artificial intelligence --- advanced gastric cancer --- targeted therapy --- urinary miRNA --- miR-129-1-3p --- miR-566

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Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Since early diagnosis and optimal treatment selection are crucial to improving the prognosis of these diseases, the discovery of useful biomarkers has the potential to greatly reduce their burden. Recent technical and mechanical developments have allowed for the detection of tiny differences in various factors modified in physical conditions, which could contribute to the discovery of novel biomarkers for some diseases.In this Special Issue, we aim to focus on novel biomarkers for GI cancers, including esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer and biliary cancer. In addition, any samples (tissue, blood, urine and feces) are useful as biomarker sources, although body-fluid-based biomarkers are promising as diagnostic biomarkers due to their noninvasiveness. This Special Issue aims to collect novel insights clarifying the current situation and future perspective in this field.

colorectal cancer --- advanced adenoma --- screening --- stool --- mRNA --- n/a --- cancer screening --- cirrhosis --- AFP --- machine learning --- MALDI-TOF --- proteomics --- CXCR4 --- prognosis --- overall survival --- rectal cancer --- neoadjuvant chemoradiation --- mouse model --- biomarkers --- urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) --- urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) --- plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) --- circulating tumour cell (CTC) --- gastric cancer --- oesophageal cancer --- serine proteases --- tumour microenvironment --- serpins --- biomarker --- chemoresistance --- liquid biopsy --- microRNA --- long non-coding RNA --- colorectal neoplasms --- cancer screening tests --- early detection of cancer --- precision medicine --- unfolded protein --- hepatocellular cancer --- GSVA --- unfolded protein score --- epigenetic regulation genes --- somatic mutations --- molecular genetic markers --- extracellular vesicles --- microbiome --- 16S rRNA amplicon --- metagenomics --- liver fibrosis --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- recurrence --- SHG/TPEF microscopy --- artificial intelligence --- advanced gastric cancer --- targeted therapy --- urinary miRNA --- miR-129-1-3p --- miR-566

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In this book, we present a compilation of original research articles as well as review articles that are focused on improving our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which cancer cells adapt to their microenvironment. These include the interplay between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironmental cells (e.g., macrophages, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and myeloid cells) and microenvironmental environments (e.g., oxidative stress, pH, hypoxia) and the implications of this dynamic interaction to tumor radioresistance, chemoresistance, invasion and metastasis. Finally, the importance and relevance of these findings are translated to cancer therapy.

Medicine --- hypoxia --- macrophages --- colon cancer --- tumor microenvironment --- immune cell infiltration --- prognosis --- feline mammary carcinoma --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- CTLA-4 --- TNF-α --- biomarkers --- immunotherapy --- cancer --- histone modification --- inhibitor --- KDM5B --- molecular docking --- repurposing --- cancer acidity --- hyperosmolarity --- cross-presentation --- tumour microenvironment --- syngeneic model --- prostate cancer --- radiotherapy --- preclinical modelling --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- biomarker --- stroma --- cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) --- extracellular matrix (ECM) --- cytokine/chemokine --- growth factors --- pro- and anti-tumor immune cells --- immunomodulatory roles --- radiotherapy dose fractionation --- radioresistance --- radiosensitivity --- breast cancer --- S100A10 (p11) --- tumor growth --- tumor progression --- metastasis --- carcinoma --- mammary gland --- triple negative --- pre-metastatic niche --- pro-inflammatory cytokines --- clinical trials --- evolutionary therapy --- darwinian evolution --- cancer cells subpopulations --- diclofenac --- koningic acid --- spheroid --- 3D co-culture --- microenvironment --- resistance --- myeloid cells --- cancer development --- molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer --- chemotherapy response --- pancreatic stellate cells --- regulatory T cells --- tumor-associated macrophages --- myeloid derived suppressor cells --- glioblastoma (GB) --- Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) --- glioma stem cells (GSC) --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species --- plasmin --- plasminogen --- S100A10 --- uPA --- uPAR --- PAI-1 --- PAI-2 --- cancer stem cells --- cancer recurrence --- therapeutic resistance --- signaling pathways --- targeted therapy --- head and neck cancer --- lung cancer --- bladder cancer

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This book represents one of the most up-to-date collections of articles on clinical practice and research in the field of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The scholars who contributed to this book are experts in their field, carrying out cutting edge research in prestigious institutes worldwide (e.g., Harvard Medical School, University of California, MIND Institute, King’s College, Karolinska Institute, and many others). The book addressed many topics, including (1) The COVID-19 pandemic; (2) Epidemiology and prevalence; (3) Screening and early behavioral markers; (4) Diagnostic and phenotypic profile; (5) Treatment and intervention; (6) Etiopathogenesis (biomarkers, biology, and genetic, epigenetic, and risk factors); (7) Comorbidity; (8) Adulthood; and (9) Broader Autism Phenotype (BAP). This book testifies to the complexity of performing research in the field of ASD. The published contributions underline areas of progress and ongoing challenges in which more certain data is expected in the coming years. It would be desirable that experts, clinicians, researchers, and trainees could have the opportunity to read this updated text describing the challenging heterogeneity of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- autism spectrum disorder --- infants --- frontal EEG alpha asymmetry --- early detection --- autism spectrum disorders --- toddlers --- eye tracking --- joint attention --- longitudinal --- regression --- cytokines --- PAI-1 --- neuroinflammation --- gastrointestinal --- autism --- literature review --- comorbidity --- early intervention --- early intensive behavioral intervention --- behavioral intervention --- First Year Inventory --- early screening --- risk --- cross-cultural generalisability --- validity --- preschool teachers --- self-efficacy --- knowledge --- belief --- skills --- identify --- autism spectrum disorder (ASD) --- level 1 and level 2 screening tools --- systematic review --- COSMIN --- PRISMA --- screening --- infection --- prion --- meta-analysis --- motion analysis --- video signal processing --- neurodevelopmental disorders --- infant screening --- n/a --- developmental language disorder --- semantic features --- word learning --- central coherence --- biomarker --- p-cresol --- mouse social behavior --- dopamine --- ASD --- vision --- proprioception --- self-motion --- immersive virtual reality --- IVR --- HMD --- technology --- persuasive text writing --- perspective-taking --- adolescence --- intervention --- sign language --- imitation --- cognition --- language acquisition --- prevalence estimate --- predictors --- surveillance review --- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) --- early intensive intervention --- developmental trajectories --- moderators and mediators of intervention. --- psychosis --- schizophrenia --- psychopathology --- AQ --- accuracy --- attention to detail --- self-awareness --- insight --- preconception risk factor --- Gilles de la Tourette --- obsession --- compulsion --- social behavior --- social impairment --- sensory profile --- sensory responsiveness --- feeding problems --- short sensory profile (SSP) --- sensory experience questionnaire (SEQ) --- coronavirus --- 2019-nCoV --- neurodevelopment --- child and adolescent psychiatry --- mental health prevention --- Asperger syndrome --- adults --- cerebrospinal fluid --- antibodies --- blood–brain barrier --- GAD65 --- Early Start Denver Model --- high-risk infants --- motor development --- high-functioning autism --- language --- experience --- communication --- autonomic nervous system --- wearable technologies --- EEG --- theory of mind --- adults and adolescents --- human figure drawings --- Draw-a-Man --- drawings maturity --- social perception --- ERP --- reward response --- RewP --- sensitization --- social skills intervention --- PEERS® --- adulthood --- diagnosis --- autistic traits --- action observation --- action prediction --- context --- priors --- hypothalamus --- amygdala --- oxytocin --- social cognition --- social interaction --- affiliative behavior --- neuroimaging --- COVID-19 --- challenging behavior --- dental care --- oral health --- medical procedures --- ICT --- wearable sensors --- migration --- Europe --- health system --- autism in adulthood --- intellectual disability --- regressive autism --- epilepsy --- challenging behaviors --- empathy --- executive functions --- attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder --- disruptive behavior disorders --- alexithymia --- anxiety --- depression --- TAS-20 --- TSIA --- parents --- broader autism phenotype --- autistic-like features --- social-cognitive development --- stereotypical behaviors --- visual impairment --- language profiles --- grammatical comprehension --- cannabinoids --- cannabidiol --- cannabidivarin --- THC --- problem behaviors --- sleep --- hyperactivity --- side effects --- motor performance skills --- Gulf --- BOT-2 --- machine learning --- employment --- telehealth --- ABA --- RCT --- cortisol --- group activity --- stress --- art --- assessment --- sensorimotor integration --- postural balance --- false positive report probability (FPRP) --- Bayesian false-discovery probability (BFDP) --- Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) --- microbiome --- metabolomics --- study design --- biomarker discovery --- precise medicine --- bipolar disorder --- suicidal ideation --- suicidal attempts --- blood-brain barrier