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The paper reviews the main structural reform issues facing Arab countries in the remainder of the 1990s. While the nature, extent, and implications of the policy challenges differ among individual countries in the Arab region, several aspects are common to a large number of them. Accordingly, the paper identifies a framework consisting of a core of key reforms that would address these countries’ structural weaknesses and assist them in exploiting their considerable economic potential.

Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: General --- Civil service & public sector --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Public ownership --- nationalization --- Public sector --- Public enterprises --- Oil prices --- Exchange rate arrangements --- Economic sectors --- Finance, Public --- Government business enterprises --- Algeria --- Nationalization

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Viet Nam has made substantial progress in the transition to a market economy and toward financial stability since economic reform began in 1986. Piecemeal measures were adopted at first, followed by the launching of a bold and comprehensive program of structural reform in March 1989. Complemented by policies designed to achieve financial stabilization, the program met early success. Its continuation, however, was put at risk by the withdrawal of external financing by the former Soviet Union and the breakdown of preferential arrangements with the CMEA area. Although economic performance weakened temporarily in the wake of these shocks, the Vietnamese intensified the adjustment process. Viet Nam has since resumed its progress toward financial stability and sustained growth.

Banking --- Banks and Banking --- Banks and banking --- Banks --- Civil service & public sector --- Commercial banks --- Currency --- Depository Institutions --- Economic sectors --- Exchange rates --- Finance, Public --- Financial institutions --- Foreign Exchange --- Foreign exchange --- Government business enterprises --- Macroeconomics --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Nationalization --- Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General --- Public Enterprises --- Public enterprises --- Public ownership --- Public sector --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Performance and Prospects --- Vietnam

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This paper discusses issues related to the sequencing of the reforms that are necessary to transform the economies in Eastern Europe into market economies. It is first argued that the transition path of these economies will be smoother and less costly if a clear statement of the ultimate goals of the reforms is made at the outset. Interdependence between different aspects of the reforms implies that an appropriate strategy is to move on a broad front from the very beginning of the transformation process dealing simultaneously with macroeconomic stabilization, price reforms and convertibility, and privatization of state enterprises. It is also argued that a rapid reform process is preferable to a gradual one.

Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Civil service & public sector --- Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions --- Contracting Out --- Deflation --- Economic sectors --- Finance, Public --- Government business enterprises --- Income distribution --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- National accounts --- Nationalization --- Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General --- Price Level --- Price structures --- Prices --- Privatization --- Public Enterprises --- Public enterprises --- Public ownership --- Public sector --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Poland, Republic of

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In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country.

Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Investments: Commodities --- Trade: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General --- Agriculture: General --- International economics --- Banking --- Public ownership --- nationalization --- Investment & securities --- Exports --- Commercial banks --- Imports --- Public enterprises --- International trade --- Financial institutions --- Economic sectors --- Agricultural commodities --- Commodities --- Banks and banking --- Government business enterprises --- Farm produce --- Ethiopia, The Federal Democratic Republic of --- Nationalization

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This Selected Issues paper and Statistical Appendix examines the possible policy responses of Algeria to the reduction of fiscal revenue and the deterioration of the external balance, and more generally the negative wealth effect on the country, stemming from the decline in oil prices. The paper highlights that in policymaking, a distinction between permanent and temporary shocks is necessarily blurred and does not contribute to working out pragmatic solutions. The paper also examines the privatization process in Algeria.

Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Taxation --- Trade: General --- Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions --- Privatization --- Contracting Out --- Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- International economics --- Public ownership --- nationalization --- Public finance & taxation --- Exports --- Public enterprises --- Oil prices --- Tariffs --- International trade --- Economic sectors --- Taxes --- Government business enterprises --- Tariff --- Algeria --- Nationalization