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The paper provides an overview of the main elements of pay systems that are typically used to remunerate government employees and, with reference to the experience of developed and developing countries, discusses structural issues frequently arising in the formulation of government pay policies: (1) the role of fringe benefits in the compensation system; (2) the pros and cons of a greater merit orientation in the pay system and of special pay schemes designed to remunerate staff at the professional and managerial level; and (3) factors determining internal pay differentials with special emphasis on the compressing effect of flat amount cost of living adjustments.

Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Civil service & public sector --- Civil service --- Economic sectors --- Employee fringe benefits --- Employment --- Finance, Public --- Income economics --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Non-wage benefits --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Public Enterprises --- Public sector --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Unemployment --- Wage scale --- Wages --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- United States

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The demographic characteristics of different regions in the former Soviet Union influence the nature of poverty in the newly successor independent states of the FSU. Despite a common policy inheritance, major adjustments are needed in the major social protection instruments to reflect differences in demographics along with a changing resource base.

Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Aging --- Demography --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Employee fringe benefits --- Expenditure --- Income economics --- Income --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- National accounts --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Non-wage benefits --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Pension spending --- Pensions --- Population & demography --- Population aging --- Population and demographics --- Private Pensions --- Public Finance --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Wages --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Russian Federation

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Between World War I and World War II, America's corporate liberals experienced a profound ideological change. In the 1920s, corporate liberals embraced company-specific solutions to economic problems. They believed that if every company, in every industry, employed advanced managerial techniques -- such as granting workers non-wage benefits to increase their job satisfaction -- employment, production, and profits could be stabilized and prosperity sustained indefinitely. The Great Depression, of course, made a mockery of this idyllic vision. Corporate liberals admitted that private efforts failed to maintain the nation's economic health, ultimately endorsing large-scale government intervention to bail out the stricken economy. By 1935, the corporate liberal conversion from privatism to business-government partnership was well under way.
Corporate liberals served President Franklin Roosevelt throughout the Depression and preparedness periods. Marion Folsom of Eastman Kodak Corporation, Edward Stettinius, Jr. of United States Steel, and others joined New Deal agencies struggling to re-employ workers and bring about social security. Later, at Roosevelt's request, they entered emergency preparedness bodies to ready the United States for the possibility of war. When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the reconfigured American economy (which the corporate liberals had done so much to create) proved capable of mass producing weapons and other equipment. The bottom line, staunchly revisionist in nature, is that the corporate liberals ran an effective mobilization campaign, overcoming isolationist resistance to rearmament, Roosevelt's reluctance to grant them genuine authority, and other constraints.

Richard E. Holl is Professor of History at the Lees College Campus of Hazard Community and Technical College. His latest article, on Axis prisoners of war in Kentucky, won the Collins Award of the Kentucky Historical Society.

Corporate state --- Business and politics --- Industrial policy --- Business --- Politics and business --- Politics, Practical --- Political business cycles --- Corporations (Corporate state) --- Corporatism --- Corporative state --- Corporativism --- State, Corporate --- Political science --- Syndicalism --- Fascism --- Functional representation --- History --- Political aspects --- United States --- Economic policy --- Axis prisoners of war. --- Collins Award. --- Great Depression. --- Kentucky Historical Society. --- Kentucky. --- New Deal agencies. --- Richard E. Holl. --- World War I. --- World War II. --- corporate liberals. --- economic problems. --- emergency preparedness. --- employment. --- government intervention. --- managerial techniques. --- mobilization campaign. --- non-wage benefits. --- production. --- profits. --- rearmament. --- social security.

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Expected inflation has few real effects in purely private economies, but this is not the case when the tax system is not neutral with respect to inflation. In practice, tax systems are not neutral—though some have attempted to be so in the past—and this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the most relevant non-neutralities drawing both on existing literature and showing new illustrations and evidence of the effects. The paper shows, for example, how taxing inflationary gains can have tremendous impact on effective tax rates—even at relatively low rates of inflation. It also shows how partial adjustment—for only some types of incomes—can create additional distortions. A new empirical analysis reveals how the erosion of the value of depreciation allowances through inflation affects investment. Finally the paper discusses policy options to address such non-neutralities.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Inflation --- Investments: General --- Taxation --- Labor --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Public finance & taxation --- Labour --- income economics --- Prices --- Depreciation --- National accounts --- Income tax systems --- Taxes --- Non-wage benefits --- Income --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Saving and investment --- Income tax --- Employee fringe benefits --- United States

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Expected inflation has few real effects in purely private economies, but this is not the case when the tax system is not neutral with respect to inflation. In practice, tax systems are not neutral—though some have attempted to be so in the past—and this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the most relevant non-neutralities drawing both on existing literature and showing new illustrations and evidence of the effects. The paper shows, for example, how taxing inflationary gains can have tremendous impact on effective tax rates—even at relatively low rates of inflation. It also shows how partial adjustment—for only some types of incomes—can create additional distortions. A new empirical analysis reveals how the erosion of the value of depreciation allowances through inflation affects investment. Finally the paper discusses policy options to address such non-neutralities.

United States --- Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Inflation --- Investments: General --- Taxation --- Labor --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Public finance & taxation --- Labour --- income economics --- Prices --- Depreciation --- National accounts --- Income tax systems --- Taxes --- Non-wage benefits --- Income --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Saving and investment --- Income tax --- Employee fringe benefits --- Income economics