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"Asianism was a "call" for Asian unity, Smith finds, but advocates of a united and connected Asia based on racial or civilizational commonalities also utilized the packaging of Asia for their own agendas, to the extent that efforts towards international regionalism spurred the construction of Chinese nationalism. Asianiam shaped Chinese ideas of nation and region, often by translating and interpreting Japanese perspectives, and leaving behind a legacy in the concepts and terms that persist in the twenty-first century. As China plays a central role in regional East Asian development, Asianism is once again of great importance today"--

National characteristics, East Asian --- Nationalism --- Regionalism --- China --- East Asia --- Civilization --- East Asian influences. --- Relations --- Chinese influences.

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National characteristics, East Asian. --- National characteristics, American. --- National security --- American national characteristics --- East Asian national characteristics --- National security policy --- NSP (National security policy) --- Security policy, National --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Military policy --- Government policy --- East Asia --- United States --- Relations

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"As shown by China's relationship to Japan, and Japan's relationship to South Korea, even growing regional economic interdependencies are not enough to overcome bitter memories grounded in earlier wars, invasions, and periods of colonial domination. Although efforts to ease historical animosity have been made, few have proven to be successful in Northeast Asia. In previous research scholars anticipated an improvement in relations through thick economic interdependence or increased societal contact. In economic terms, however, Japan and China already trade heavily: Japan has emerged as China's largest trading partner and China as second largest to Japan. Societal contact is already intense, as millions of Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese visit one another's countries annually as students, tourists, and on business trips. But these developments have not alleviated international distrust and negative perception, or resolved disagreement on what constitutes "adequate reparation" regarding the countries' painful history. Noticing clashes of strong nationalisms around the world in areas like Northeast Asia, numerous studies have suggested that more peaceful relations are likely only if countries submerge or paper over existing national identities by promoting universalism. Pride, Not Prejudice argues, to the contrary, that affirmation of national identities may be a more effective way to build international cooperation. If each national population reflects on the values of their national identity, trust and positive perception can increase between countries. This idea is consistent with the theoretical foundation that those who have a clear, secure, and content sense of self, in turn, can be more open, evenhanded, and less defensive toward others. In addition, this reduced defensiveness also enhances guilt admission by past "inflictors" of conflict and colonialism. Eunbin Chung borrows the social psychological theory of self-affirmation and applies it to an international context to argue that affirmation of a national identity, or reflecting on what it means to be part of one's country, can increase trust, guilt recognition, and positive perception between countries."

Political Science / International Relations / Diplomacy --- Political Science / World / Asian --- Political Science --- Political science --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- National characteristics, East Asian. --- Identity politics --- World War, 1939-1945 --- War reparations --- Reparations. --- History --- East Asia --- Foreign relations. --- Reparations --- Reparations, War --- Indemnity --- Reconstruction (1939-1951) --- Identity (Psychology) --- Politics of identity --- Political participation --- East Asian national characteristics --- Law and legislation --- Economic aspects --- Political aspects

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"The second of Gilbert Rozman's contributed volumes on East Asian national identity traces how efforts to draw a sharp divide between one country's identity and that of another shape relations in the post-Cold War era. It examines the two-way relations of Japan, South Korea, and China, introducing the concept of a national identity gap to estimate the degree to which the identities of two countries target each other as negative contrasts. This concept is then applied to China's reinterpretation from 2009-11 of the gap between its identity and that of the United States. Each pairing represents a key relationship through which an Asian country has historically shaped its identity, and is striving to reshape it. The volume begins with experts' analyses of how Japan, South Korea and China have changed their diplomatic environment in Asia in order to transform identity. In the second half of the book, Rozman reflects on the discomfort all three East Asian countries have from excessive dependence on the United States. He concentrates on Chinese discourse in particular, as analyzed through the ideological, temporal, sectoral, vertical, and horizontal dimensions of national identity. Even if foreign policy turns more cautionary for a time, Rozman argues that China's inflammatory identity discourse, which remains at an intensity unmatched in the other countries, will continue to have a chilling effect on prospects for pragmatic diplomacy with the U.S"--

International relations. Foreign policy --- Sociology of culture --- United States --- East Asia --- National characteristics, East Asian --- Politics and government --- Foreign relations --- S09/0264 --- S02/0200 --- S09/0610 --- S09/0400 --- J4127 --- J4812.10 --- K9310.10 --- K9551.10 --- China: Foreign relations and world politics--General works: since 1989 --- China: General works--Civilization and culture --- China: Foreign relations and world politics--China and USA: since 1949 --- China: Foreign relations and world politics--China and Asia: general --- Japan: Sociology and anthropology -- social identity and self --- Japan: International politics and law -- international relations, policy and security -- Asia -- East Asia --- Korea: Society, social psychology and social-anthropological phenomena (South) Korea -- social identity and self --- Korea: International politics, law and relations -- East Asia --- National characteristics --- Characteristics, National --- Identity, National --- Images, National --- National identity --- National images --- National psychology --- Psychology, National --- Anthropology --- Nationalism --- Social psychology --- Collective memory --- Ethnopsychology --- Exceptionalism --- Asia, East --- Asia, Eastern --- East (Far East) --- Eastern Asia --- Far East --- Orient --- Foreign relations. --- East Asia - Politics and government - 21st century --- East Asia - Foreign relations --- United States of America