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By the mid-19th century, when Japan was still largely closed to the West, smallpox epidemics had killed an estimated ten percent of the Japanese population. This text details the appalling cost of Japan's almost 300 year isolation and examines in depth a nation on the cusp of political and social upheaval.

Smallpox vaccine --- Smallpox --- J7000.70 --- J7018.60 --- J7900 --- J7910 --- Small pox --- Variola --- Varioloid --- Poxvirus diseases --- Viral vaccines --- History --- Vaccination --- Japan: Science and technology -- history -- Kindai (1850s- ), bakumatsu, Meiji, Taishō --- Japan: Science and technology -- Rangaku and yōgaku -- medical science --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- general and history --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- public health and general hygiene --- History.

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The history of medicine in non-European countries has often been characterized by the study of their native "traditional" medicine, such as (Galenico-)Islamic medicine, and Ayurvedic or Chinese medicine. Modern medicine in these countries, on the other hand, has usually been viewed as a Western corpus of knowledge and institution, juxtaposing or replacing the native medicine but without any organic relation with the local context. By discarding categories like Islamic, Indian, or Chinese medicine as the myths invented by modern (Western) historiography in the aftermath of the colonial and post colonial periods, the book proposes to bridge the gap between Western and 'non-Western' medicines, opening a new perspective in medical historiography in which 'modern medicine' becomes an integral part of the history of medicine in non-European countries. Through essays and case studies of medical modernization, this volume particularly calls into question the categorization of ‘Western’ and ‘non-Western’ medicine and challenges the idea that modern medicine could only be developed in its Western birthplace and then imported to and practised as such to the rest of the world. Against the concept of a ‘project’ of modernization at the heart of the history of modern medicine in non-Western countries, the chapters of this book describe ‘processes’ of medical development by highlighting the active involvement of local elements. The book’s emphasis is thus on the ‘modernization’ or ‘construction’ of modern medicine rather that on the diffusion of ‘modern medicine’ as an ontological entity beyond the West.

History of human medicine --- History --- anno 1800-1899 --- anno 1900-1999 --- Asia --- History of Medicine. --- History, 19th Century. --- History, 20th Century. --- Medicine --- Medicine, Traditional --- History. --- J7000.70 --- J7900 --- J7910 --- J7991 --- Health Workforce --- Japan: Science and technology -- history -- Kindai (1850s- ), bakumatsu, Meiji, Taishō --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- general and history --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- public health and general hygiene --- Asia: Science and technology

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Medicine --- Médecine --- History --- Histoire --- 61 <520> --- J7900 --- J7980 --- J7000 --- History of Medicine. --- -Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Medicine, History --- Geneeskunde. Hygiëne. Farmacie--Japan --- Japan: Natural sciences and technology -- medical science -- general and history --- Japan: Natural sciences and technology -- medical science -- medicine, drugs, treatment and therapeutics --- Japan: Natural sciences and technology -- general and history --- history --- Japan. --- History. --- -Geneeskunde. Hygiëne. Farmacie--Japan --- Médecine --- History of Medicine --- History Medicines --- Medicine Histories --- Medicines, History --- Bonin Islands --- Health Workforce --- Japan: Science and technology -- general and history --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- general and history --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- medicine, drugs, treatment and therapeutics

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Confluences of Medicine is the first book-length exploration in English of issues of medicine and society in premodern Japan. This multifaceted study weaves a rich tapestry of Buddhist healing practices, Chinese medical knowledge, Asian pharmaceuticals, and Islamic formulas as it elucidates their appropriation and integration into medieval Japanese medicine. It expands the parameters of the study of medicine in East Asia, which to date has focused on the subject in individual countries, and introduces the dynamics of interaction and exchange that coursed through the East Asian macro-culture.The book explores these themes primarily through the two extant works of the Buddhist priest and clinical physician Kajiwara Shozen (1265–1337), who was active at the medical facility housed at Gokurakuji temple in Kamakura, the capital of Japan's first warrior government. With access to large numbers of printed Song medical texts and a wide range of materia medica from as far away as the Middle East, Shozen was a beneficiary of the efflorescence of trade and exchange across the East China Sea that typifies this era. His break with the restrictions of Japanese medicine is revealed in Ton'isho (Book of the simple physician) and Man'apo (Myriad relief formulas). Both of these texts are landmarks: the former being the first work written in Japanese for a popular audience; the latter, the most extensive Japanese medical work prior to the seventeenth century.Confluences of Medicine brings to the fore the range of factors—networks of Buddhist priests, institutional support, availability of materials, relevance of overseas knowledge to local conditions of domestic strife, and serendipity—that influenced the Japanese acquisition of Chinese medical information. It offers the first substantive portrait of the impact of the Song printing revolution in medieval Japan and provides a rare glimpse of Chinese medicine as it was understood outside of China. It is further distinguished by its attention to materia medica and medicinal formulas and to the challenges of technical translation and technological transfer in the reception and incorporation of a new pharmaceutical regime.

MEDICAL --- General --- Medicine --- Medicine, Chinese --- Health Occupations --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Health & Biological Sciences --- History of Medicine --- J7900 --- J7000.40 --- Medical Specialities --- Medical Specialties --- Medical Specialty --- Specialities, Medical --- Specialties, Medical --- Specialty, Medical --- Medical Speciality --- Speciality, Medical --- Health Workforce --- Health Professions --- Health Occupation --- Health Profession --- Profession, Health --- Professions, Health --- Occupations --- Chinese medicine --- TCM (Medicine) --- Traditional Chinese medicine --- Traditional medicine --- Early works to 1800 --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- general and history --- Japan: Science and technology -- history -- Kamakura period, Yoshino (1185-1392) and Chūsei in general (1185-1600) --- Kajiwara, Seizen,

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Recent data show wide disparity between Japan and the United States in the effectiveness of their health care systems. Japan spends close to the lowest percentage of its gross domestic product on health care among OECD countries, the United States spends the highest, yet life expectancies in Japan are among the world's longest. Clearly, a great deal can be learned from a comprehensive comparative analysis of health care issues in these two countries. In Health Care Issues in the United States and Japan, contributors explore the structural characteristics of the health care systems in both nations, the economic incentives underlying the systems, and how they operate in practice. Japan's system, they show, is characterized by generous insurance schemes, a lack of gatekeepers, and fee-for-service mechanisms. The United States' structure, on the other hand, is distinguished by for-profit hospitals, privatized health insurance, and managed care. But despite its relative success, an aging population and a general shift from infectious diseases to more chronic maladies are forcing the Japanese to consider a model more closely resembling that of the United States. In an age when rising health care costs and aging populations are motivating reforms throughout the world, this timely study will prove invaluable.

Medical care - Japan. --- Medical care - United States. --- Medical care. --- Medical care --- Health Care Reform --- Insurance, Health --- Quality of Health Care --- Delivery of Health Care --- Health Services Administration --- Insurance --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Health Policy --- Patient Care Management --- Health Planning --- Health Care --- Public Policy --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Financing, Organized --- Social Control Policies --- Economics --- Policy --- Social Control, Formal --- Sociology --- Social Sciences --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- J7900 --- J7910 --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- general and history --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- public health and general hygiene --- E-books --- J7950 --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- hospitals, nursing and care --- united states of america, american, japan, japanese, political economy, politics, economics, government, governing, healthcare, health issues, medical, medicine, aging, age, disparity, effectiveness, life expectancy, comparative studies, insurance, for profit hospitals, privatized, chronic illnesses, diseases, treatments, reform, population, citizenship, citizenry, elderly, heart attack, nicotine, caregiving, geography, efficiency.