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Access to energy and economic development go hand in hand. Improving electricity supply and distribution boosts economic growth, creates jobs, and expands the reach of educational and health services. It can also empower women, providing income-generating opportunities and enabling them to spend their time more productively. Unfortunately, more than 589 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) live without access to electricity: only 35 percent of the population in SSA has access, compared with 96 and 78 percent in East Asia Pacific and South Asia, respectively. For most Africans, electric power is inaccessible, unaffordable, or unreliable. The lack of both quality energy services and access to modern sources of fuel, such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), diesel, and biofuels, traps them in a world of poverty. The World Bank Group's engagement in the energy sector is designed to help client countries secure the affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy supply needed to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity. The Bank's approach mirrors the objectives of the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) initiative, achieving universal access, accelerating improvements in energy efficiency, and doubling the global share of renewable energy by 2030. The Bank recognizes that each country determines its own path for achieving its energy aspirations: each country's sustainable energy transition involves a unique mix of opportunities and challenges, prompting different emphases on access, efficiency and renewable.

Air Quality & Clean Air --- Electric Power --- Energy --- Environment --- Gender --- Gender and Energy --- Renewable Energy --- Solar Energy

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Energy efficiency is among the cheapest, cleanest, and most widely available of energy resources. Improved energy efficiency provides opportunities to sustainably expand energy services and support development and economic growth, contributing to higher living standards, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In developing countries, where demand for energy is growing rapidly, the potential for energy efficiency improvements is significant, particularly in the residential sector. The purpose of this guide is to raise awareness of behavioral approaches to achieving development outcomes, demonstrate the role that behavioral sciences can play in promoting energy efficiency, and provide guidance on how to integrate behavior change approaches into projects.

Energy --- Energy Consumption --- Energy Efficiency --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Gender --- Gender and Energy

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The Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) defines access to electricity according to a spectrum that ranges from Tier 0 (no access) to Tier 5 (full access) through seven attributes: Capacity, Availability,Reliability, Quality, Affordability, Formality, and Health and Safety. The final aggregate tierfor a given household is based on the lowest tier that that household attained among allthe attributes. The MTF survey data show that, as of 2017, 1.4 million Zambian households (42.4 percent) have access to electricity through either national grid or off-grid sources, while the remaining 1.9 million households (57.6 percent) have no access to electricity. Out of the 42.4 percent with electricity, most (37.7 percent of all households) are connected to the nationalgrid, and the remaining 4.7 percent primarily use off-grid solutions. The difference in access toelectricity between urban and rural areas is substantial: most urban households (74.8 percent)access electricity through the national grid, yet the majority of rural households (88.1 percent)have no access to any kind of electricity source. The MTF defines Tier 1 or above as havingaccess to electricity based on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7.1.1. Nationwide, 40.3 percentof Zambian households are in Tier 1 or above for electricity access. Specifically, 75.2 percentof urban households and 8.7 percent of rural households are in Tier 1 or above. Grid users are mainly concentrated in Tiers 3 through 5, while user of off-grid solutions are primarily in Tiers 0 through 2. Nationwide, 59.7 percent of households are in Tier 0 for access to electricity, and the majority of them do not have any source of electricity. For households without any source of electricity, it will be critical to provide either an on-grid connection or an off-grid energy solution. Addressing high connection costs and offering flexible payment plans are likely to increase the grid-electrification rate. Grid infrastructure is available in 58.4 percent of the enumeration areas (EAs) in the country; however, only 37.7 percent of Zambian households are connected to the grid. The low uptake rate of grid connection opens up the possibility to increase grid electrification rate by around 20 percent through connecting households that are "under the grid," that is, directly beneath existing grid infrastructure. The penetration rate for off-grid solutions can also be improved by addressing Affordability issues through payment plans. Grid-connected households are mostly in higher tiers: 97.3 percent of grid-connected households are in Tier 3 or above, with 56.1 percent being in the highest tier, Tier 5. Challenges with Availability, Quality, and Reliability are the main issues preventing grid-connected households from being in the highest tier. Households using off-grid solar solutions are in Tiers 0 through 3, and they are mainly constrained by Capacity and Availability issues. Although the use of solar solutions is a relatively recent phenomenon in Zambia, 77.5 percent of solar users are satisfied with their current service from solar devices.

Electric Power --- Energy --- Energy Demand --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Fuels --- Gender --- Gender and Energy --- Renewable Energy --- Solar Energy

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This policy brief suggests ways for Afghanistan to integrate gender and social aspects into energy projects, to better address the country's energy challenges and enhance its development impact. The energy sector increasingly recognizes that men and women experience different levels of access to benefits and exposure to risks and that these are important elements to be considered for effective policy-making and project design. Women and men have different roles, responsibilities, and voice within households, markets, and their communities. Despite significant improvements, gender equality remains a major challenge in Afghan society, with women and girls being far more disadvantaged than men and boys. Rural grid electrification interventions that involve men and women into project implementation can lead to increased electricity access and use. Energy efficiency measures that specifically target men and women can improve adoption rates and drive behavior change. This policy brief presented a series of actions embedded into energy interventions aiming to address Afghanistan's energy challenges and improve gender equality. Four types of energy interventions were selected: grid and off-grid electrification in rural areas, energy efficiency initiatives, and electricity pricing policies. This policy brief seeks to show how Afghanistan can integrate gender and social concerns into energy projects to better address the country's energy issues and achieve greater development impact. Chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two examines how energy can benefit men and women, emphasizing the gender-differentiated impacts of energy on human development and economic empowerment. Chapter three presents the socioeconomic status of Afghanistan and provides overviews on gender and the energy sector. Chapter four identifies several strategies for integrating gender and social considerations into the development and implementation of energy projects and programs in Afghanistan, including on-grid and off-grid electrification in rural areas, energy efficiency initiatives, and electricity pricing policies, with the aim of addressing current specific challenges.

Electric Power --- Energy --- Energy Demand --- Energy Efficiency --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Energy Sector --- Gender --- Gender and Energy

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Located in the Horn of Africa, Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa, home to more than 100 million people. Over 80 percent of Ethiopia's population live in rural areas, with agriculture functioning as the backbone of the country's economy. In the past decade, Ethiopia has become one of the world's fastest growing economies, with a 10.9 percent growth rate that represents twice the region's average growth rate of 5 percent. This growth positively impacted the country's extreme poverty rate, which fell 24 percentage points between 2000 and 2011.The Ethiopian government has made universal access to electricity a goal that it aims to reach by 2025; it aims to achieve this by including off-grid technologies - inclusive of mini-grids and off-grid solar solutions - in its universal electrification strategy. The government has also made access to modern energy cooking solutions a priority, which is significant in a country that traditionally uses biomass as its primary fuel (evident in more than 90 percent of the country's households). To learn more about these facts and the Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) results and analysis on Ethiopia's energy access rates, please visit MTF's country web page, engage with dynamic data, and download MTF's comprehensive Energy Access Country Diagnostic Report: https://energydata.info/dataset/ethiopia---multi-tier-framework--mtf--survey--2018-.

Electric Power --- Electricity --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Fuels --- Gender --- Gender and Energy --- Solar Energy --- Stoves