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Toric varieties are algebraic varieties arising from elementary geometric and combinatorial objects such as convex polytopes in Euclidean space with vertices on lattice points. Since many algebraic geometry notions such as singularities, birational maps, cycles, homology, intersection theory, and Riemann-Roch translate into simple facts about polytopes, toric varieties provide a marvelous source of examples in algebraic geometry. In the other direction, general facts from algebraic geometry have implications for such polytopes, such as to the problem of the number of lattice points they contain. In spite of the fact that toric varieties are very special in the spectrum of all algebraic varieties, they provide a remarkably useful testing ground for general theories.The aim of this mini-course is to develop the foundations of the study of toric varieties, with examples, and describe some of these relations and applications. The text concludes with Stanley's theorem characterizing the numbers of simplicies in each dimension in a convex simplicial polytope. Although some general theorems are quoted without proof, the concrete interpretations via simplicial geometry should make the text accessible to beginners in algebraic geometry.

Algebraic geometry --- Differential geometry. Global analysis --- 512.7 --- Algebraic geometry. Commutative rings and algebras --- Toric varieties. --- 512.7 Algebraic geometry. Commutative rings and algebras --- Toric varieties --- Embeddings, Torus --- Torus embeddings --- Varieties, Toric --- Algebraic varieties --- Addition. --- Affine plane. --- Affine space. --- Affine variety. --- Alexander Grothendieck. --- Alexander duality. --- Algebraic curve. --- Algebraic group. --- Atiyah–Singer index theorem. --- Automorphism. --- Betti number. --- Big O notation. --- Characteristic class. --- Chern class. --- Chow group. --- Codimension. --- Cohomology. --- Combinatorics. --- Commutative property. --- Complete intersection. --- Convex polytope. --- Convex set. --- Coprime integers. --- Cotangent space. --- Dedekind sum. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Dimension. --- Direct proof. --- Discrete valuation ring. --- Discrete valuation. --- Disjoint union. --- Divisor (algebraic geometry). --- Divisor. --- Dual basis. --- Dual space. --- Equation. --- Equivalence class. --- Equivariant K-theory. --- Euler characteristic. --- Exact sequence. --- Explicit formula. --- Facet (geometry). --- Fundamental group. --- Graded ring. --- Grassmannian. --- H-vector. --- Hirzebruch surface. --- Hodge theory. --- Homogeneous coordinates. --- Homomorphism. --- Hypersurface. --- Intersection theory. --- Invertible matrix. --- Invertible sheaf. --- Isoperimetric inequality. --- Lattice (group). --- Leray spectral sequence. --- Limit point. --- Line bundle. --- Line segment. --- Linear subspace. --- Local ring. --- Mathematical induction. --- Mixed volume. --- Moduli space. --- Moment map. --- Monotonic function. --- Natural number. --- Newton polygon. --- Open set. --- Picard group. --- Pick's theorem. --- Polytope. --- Projective space. --- Quadric. --- Quotient space (topology). --- Regular sequence. --- Relative interior. --- Resolution of singularities. --- Restriction (mathematics). --- Resultant. --- Riemann–Roch theorem. --- Serre duality. --- Sign (mathematics). --- Simplex. --- Simplicial complex. --- Simultaneous equations. --- Spectral sequence. --- Subgroup. --- Subset. --- Summation. --- Surjective function. --- Tangent bundle. --- Theorem. --- Topology. --- Toric variety. --- Unit disk. --- Vector space. --- Weil conjecture. --- Zariski topology.

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This book offers a self-contained account of the 3-manifold invariants arising from the original Jones polynomial. These are the Witten-Reshetikhin-Turaev and the Turaev-Viro invariants. Starting from the Kauffman bracket model for the Jones polynomial and the diagrammatic Temperley-Lieb algebra, higher-order polynomial invariants of links are constructed and combined to form the 3-manifold invariants. The methods in this book are based on a recoupling theory for the Temperley-Lieb algebra. This recoupling theory is a q-deformation of the SU(2) spin networks of Roger Penrose. The recoupling theory is developed in a purely combinatorial and elementary manner. Calculations are based on a reformulation of the Kirillov-Reshetikhin shadow world, leading to expressions for all the invariants in terms of state summations on 2-cell complexes. Extensive tables of the invariants are included. Manifolds in these tables are recognized by surgery presentations and by means of 3-gems (graph encoded 3-manifolds) in an approach pioneered by Sostenes Lins. The appendices include information about gems, examples of distinct manifolds with the same invariants, and applications to the Turaev-Viro invariant and to the Crane-Yetter invariant of 4-manifolds.

Drie-menigvuldigheden (Topologie) --- Knopentheorie --- Knot theory --- Noeuds [Theorie des ] --- Three-manifolds (Topology) --- Trois-variétés (Topologie) --- Knot theory. --- Algebraic topology --- Invariants --- Mathematics --- Invariants (Mathematics) --- Invariants. --- 3-manifolds (Topology) --- Manifolds, Three dimensional (Topology) --- Three-dimensional manifolds (Topology) --- Low-dimensional topology --- Topological manifolds --- Knots (Topology) --- 3-manifold. --- Addition. --- Algorithm. --- Ambient isotopy. --- Axiom. --- Backslash. --- Barycentric subdivision. --- Bijection. --- Bipartite graph. --- Borromean rings. --- Boundary parallel. --- Bracket polynomial. --- Calculation. --- Canonical form. --- Cartesian product. --- Cobordism. --- Coefficient. --- Combination. --- Commutator. --- Complex conjugate. --- Computation. --- Connected component (graph theory). --- Connected sum. --- Cubic graph. --- Diagram (category theory). --- Dimension. --- Disjoint sets. --- Disjoint union. --- Elaboration. --- Embedding. --- Equation. --- Equivalence class. --- Explicit formula. --- Explicit formulae (L-function). --- Factorial. --- Fundamental group. --- Graph (discrete mathematics). --- Graph embedding. --- Handlebody. --- Homeomorphism. --- Homology (mathematics). --- Identity element. --- Intersection form (4-manifold). --- Inverse function. --- Jones polynomial. --- Kirby calculus. --- Line segment. --- Linear independence. --- Matching (graph theory). --- Mathematical physics. --- Mathematical proof. --- Mathematics. --- Maxima and minima. --- Monograph. --- Natural number. --- Network theory. --- Notation. --- Numerical analysis. --- Orientability. --- Orthogonality. --- Pairing. --- Pairwise. --- Parametrization. --- Parity (mathematics). --- Partition function (mathematics). --- Permutation. --- Poincaré conjecture. --- Polyhedron. --- Quantum group. --- Quantum invariant. --- Recoupling. --- Recursion. --- Reidemeister move. --- Result. --- Roger Penrose. --- Root of unity. --- Scientific notation. --- Sequence. --- Significant figures. --- Simultaneous equations. --- Smoothing. --- Special case. --- Sphere. --- Spin network. --- Summation. --- Symmetric group. --- Tetrahedron. --- The Geometry Center. --- Theorem. --- Theory. --- Three-dimensional space (mathematics). --- Time complexity. --- Tubular neighborhood. --- Two-dimensional space. --- Vector field. --- Vector space. --- Vertex (graph theory). --- Winding number. --- Writhe.

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Based on seven lecture series given by leading experts at a summer school at Peking University, in Beijing, in 1984. this book surveys recent developments in the areas of harmonic analysis most closely related to the theory of singular integrals, real-variable methods, and applications to several complex variables and partial differential equations. The different lecture series are closely interrelated; each contains a substantial amount of background material, as well as new results not previously published. The contributors to the volume are R. R. Coifman and Yves Meyer, Robert Fcfferman,Carlos K. Kenig, Steven G. Krantz, Alexander Nagel, E. M. Stein, and Stephen Wainger.

Harmonic analysis. --- Analysis (Mathematics) --- Functions, Potential --- Potential functions --- Banach algebras --- Calculus --- Mathematical analysis --- Mathematics --- Bessel functions --- Fourier series --- Harmonic functions --- Time-series analysis --- Analytic function. --- Asymptotic formula. --- Bergman metric. --- Bernhard Riemann. --- Bessel function. --- Biholomorphism. --- Boundary value problem. --- Bounded mean oscillation. --- Bounded operator. --- Boundedness. --- Cauchy's integral formula. --- Characteristic function (probability theory). --- Characterization (mathematics). --- Coefficient. --- Commutator. --- Complexification (Lie group). --- Continuous function. --- Convolution. --- Degeneracy (mathematics). --- Differential equation. --- Differential operator. --- Dirac delta function. --- Dirichlet problem. --- Equation. --- Estimation. --- Existence theorem. --- Existential quantification. --- Explicit formula. --- Explicit formulae (L-function). --- Fatou's theorem. --- Fourier analysis. --- Fourier integral operator. --- Fourier transform. --- Fredholm theory. --- Fubini's theorem. --- Function (mathematics). --- Functional calculus. --- Fundamental solution. --- Gaussian curvature. --- Hardy space. --- Harmonic function. --- Harmonic measure. --- Heisenberg group. --- Hilbert space. --- Hilbert transform. --- Hodge theory. --- Holomorphic function. --- Hyperbolic partial differential equation. --- Hölder's inequality. --- Infimum and supremum. --- Integration by parts. --- Interpolation theorem. --- Intersection (set theory). --- Invertible matrix. --- Isometry group. --- Laplace operator. --- Laplace's equation. --- Lebesgue measure. --- Linear map. --- Lipschitz continuity. --- Lipschitz domain. --- Lp space. --- Mathematical induction. --- Mathematical physics. --- Maximal function. --- Maximum principle. --- Measure (mathematics). --- Newtonian potential. --- Non-Euclidean geometry. --- Number theory. --- Operator theory. --- Oscillatory integral. --- Parameter. --- Partial derivative. --- Partial differential equation. --- Polynomial. --- Power series. --- Product metric. --- Radon–Nikodym theorem. --- Riemannian manifold. --- Riesz representation theorem. --- Scientific notation. --- Several complex variables. --- Sign (mathematics). --- Simultaneous equations. --- Singular function. --- Singular integral. --- Sobolev space. --- Square (algebra). --- Statistical hypothesis testing. --- Stokes' theorem. --- Support (mathematics). --- Tangent space. --- Tensor product. --- Theorem. --- Trigonometric series. --- Uniformization theorem. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector field.

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This book presents the analytic foundations to the theory of the hypoelliptic Laplacian. The hypoelliptic Laplacian, a second-order operator acting on the cotangent bundle of a compact manifold, is supposed to interpolate between the classical Laplacian and the geodesic flow. Jean-Michel Bismut and Gilles Lebeau establish the basic functional analytic properties of this operator, which is also studied from the perspective of local index theory and analytic torsion. The book shows that the hypoelliptic Laplacian provides a geometric version of the Fokker-Planck equations. The authors give the proper functional analytic setting in order to study this operator and develop a pseudodifferential calculus, which provides estimates on the hypoelliptic Laplacian's resolvent. When the deformation parameter tends to zero, the hypoelliptic Laplacian converges to the standard Hodge Laplacian of the base by a collapsing argument in which the fibers of the cotangent bundle collapse to a point. For the local index theory, small time asymptotics for the supertrace of the associated heat kernel are obtained. The Ray-Singer analytic torsion of the hypoelliptic Laplacian as well as the associated Ray-Singer metrics on the determinant of the cohomology are studied in an equivariant setting, resulting in a key comparison formula between the elliptic and hypoelliptic analytic torsions.

Differential equations, Hypoelliptic. --- Laplacian operator. --- Metric spaces. --- Spaces, Metric --- Operator, Laplacian --- Hypoelliptic differential equations --- Generalized spaces --- Set theory --- Topology --- Differential equations, Partial --- Alexander Grothendieck. --- Analytic function. --- Asymptote. --- Asymptotic expansion. --- Berezin integral. --- Bijection. --- Brownian dynamics. --- Brownian motion. --- Chaos theory. --- Chern class. --- Classical Wiener space. --- Clifford algebra. --- Cohomology. --- Combination. --- Commutator. --- Computation. --- Connection form. --- Coordinate system. --- Cotangent bundle. --- Covariance matrix. --- Curvature tensor. --- Curvature. --- De Rham cohomology. --- Derivative. --- Determinant. --- Differentiable manifold. --- Differential operator. --- Dirac operator. --- Direct proof. --- Eigenform. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Ellipse. --- Embedding. --- Equation. --- Estimation. --- Euclidean space. --- Explicit formula. --- Explicit formulae (L-function). --- Feynman–Kac formula. --- Fiber bundle. --- Fokker–Planck equation. --- Formal power series. --- Fourier series. --- Fourier transform. --- Fredholm determinant. --- Function space. --- Girsanov theorem. --- Ground state. --- Heat kernel. --- Hilbert space. --- Hodge theory. --- Holomorphic function. --- Holomorphic vector bundle. --- Hypoelliptic operator. --- Integration by parts. --- Invertible matrix. --- Logarithm. --- Malliavin calculus. --- Martingale (probability theory). --- Matrix calculus. --- Mellin transform. --- Morse theory. --- Notation. --- Parameter. --- Parametrix. --- Parity (mathematics). --- Polynomial. --- Principal bundle. --- Probabilistic method. --- Projection (linear algebra). --- Rectangle. --- Resolvent set. --- Ricci curvature. --- Riemann–Roch theorem. --- Scientific notation. --- Self-adjoint operator. --- Self-adjoint. --- Sign convention. --- Smoothness. --- Sobolev space. --- Spectral theory. --- Square root. --- Stochastic calculus. --- Stochastic process. --- Summation. --- Supertrace. --- Symmetric space. --- Tangent space. --- Taylor series. --- Theorem. --- Theory. --- Torus. --- Trace class. --- Translational symmetry. --- Transversality (mathematics). --- Uniform convergence. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector bundle. --- Vector space. --- Wave equation.

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The application by Fadeev and Pavlov of the Lax-Phillips scattering theory to the automorphic wave equation led Professors Lax and Phillips to reexamine this development within the framework of their theory. This volume sets forth the results of that work in the form of new or more straightforward treatments of the spectral theory of the Laplace-Beltrami operator over fundamental domains of finite area; the meromorphic character over the whole complex plane of the Eisenstein series; and the Selberg trace formula.CONTENTS: 1. Introduction. 2. An abstract scattering theory. 3. A modified theory for second order equations with an indefinite energy form. 4. The Laplace-Beltrami operator for the modular group. 5. The automorphic wave equation. 6. Incoming and outgoing subspaces for the automorphic wave equations. 7. The scattering matrix for the automorphic wave equation. 8. The general case. 9. The Selberg trace formula.

Harmonic analysis. Fourier analysis --- Automorphic functions --- Scattering (Mathematics) --- Fonctions automorphes --- Dispersion (Mathématiques) --- Automorphic functions. --- Scattering (Mathematics). --- Dispersion (Mathématiques) --- Selberg, Formule de trace de --- Selberg trace formula --- Eisenstein series --- Eisenstein, Séries d' --- Scattering theory (Mathematics) --- Boundary value problems --- Differential equations, Partial --- Scattering operator --- Fuchsian functions --- Functions, Automorphic --- Functions, Fuchsian --- Functions of several complex variables --- Absolute continuity. --- Algebra. --- Analytic continuation. --- Analytic function. --- Annulus (mathematics). --- Asymptotic distribution. --- Automorphic function. --- Bilinear form. --- Boundary (topology). --- Boundary value problem. --- Bounded operator. --- Calculation. --- Cauchy sequence. --- Change of variables. --- Complex plane. --- Conjugacy class. --- Convolution. --- Cusp neighborhood. --- Cyclic group. --- Derivative. --- Differential equation. --- Differential operator. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Dimensional analysis. --- Dirichlet integral. --- Dirichlet series. --- Eigenfunction. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Eisenstein series. --- Elliptic operator. --- Elliptic partial differential equation. --- Equation. --- Equivalence class. --- Even and odd functions. --- Existential quantification. --- Explicit formula. --- Explicit formulae (L-function). --- Exponential function. --- Fourier transform. --- Function space. --- Functional analysis. --- Functional calculus. --- Fundamental domain. --- Harmonic analysis. --- Hilbert space. --- Hyperbolic partial differential equation. --- Infinitesimal generator (stochastic processes). --- Integral equation. --- Integration by parts. --- Invariant subspace. --- Laplace operator. --- Laplace transform. --- Lebesgue measure. --- Linear differential equation. --- Linear space (geometry). --- Matrix (mathematics). --- Maximum principle. --- Meromorphic function. --- Modular group. --- Neumann boundary condition. --- Norm (mathematics). --- Null vector. --- Number theory. --- Operator theory. --- Orthogonal complement. --- Orthonormal basis. --- Paley–Wiener theorem. --- Partial differential equation. --- Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics). --- Perturbation theory. --- Primitive element (finite field). --- Principal component analysis. --- Projection (linear algebra). --- Quadratic form. --- Removable singularity. --- Representation theorem. --- Resolvent set. --- Riemann hypothesis. --- Riemann surface. --- Riemann zeta function. --- Riesz representation theorem. --- Scatter matrix. --- Scattering theory. --- Schwarz reflection principle. --- Selberg trace formula. --- Self-adjoint. --- Semigroup. --- Sign (mathematics). --- Spectral theory. --- Subgroup. --- Subsequence. --- Summation. --- Support (mathematics). --- Theorem. --- Trace class. --- Trace formula. --- Unitary operator. --- Wave equation. --- Weighted arithmetic mean. --- Winding number. --- Eisenstein, Séries d'. --- Analyse harmonique