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Despite the increase in female labor force participation over the past three decades, women still do not have the same opportunities as men to participate in economic activities in most countries. The average female labor force participation rate across countries is still 20 percentage points lower than the male rate, and gender gaps in wages and access to education persist. As shown by earlier work, including by the IMF, greater gender equality boosts economic growth and leads to better development and social outcomes. Gender equality is also one of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that 193 countries committed to achieve by 2030.

Gender Studies --- Economics of Minorities and Races --- Labor --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Women's Studies'

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The paper uses a large survey (GSOEP) to analyze the labor market performance of immigrants in Germany. It finds that new immigrant workers earn on average 20 percent less than native workers with otherwise identical characteristics. The gap is smaller for immigrants from advanced countries, with good German language skills, and with a German degree, and larger for others. The gap declines gradually over time. Less success in obtaining jobs with higher occupational autonomy explains half of the wage gap. Immigrants are also initially less likely to participate in the labor market and more likely to be unemployed. While participation fully converges after 20 years, immigrants always remain more likely to be unemployed than the native labor force.

Labor --- Emigration and Immigration --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- International Migration --- Economics of Minorities and Races --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Time Allocation and Labor Supply --- Wage Level and Structure --- Wage Differentials --- Geographic Labor Mobility --- Immigrant Workers --- Education: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Migration, immigration & emigration --- Labour --- income economics --- Education --- Migration --- Wage gap --- Labor markets --- Population and demographics --- Emigration and immigration --- Labor market --- Germany --- Income economics

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The large influx of migrants to Nordic countries in recent years is challenging the adoptability of Nordic labor market institutions while also adding to potential growth. This paper examines the trends, economic drivers, and labor market implications of migration to Nordic countries with a particular focus on economic migration as distinct from the recent large flows of asylum seekers. Our analysis finds that migration inflows to the Nordics are influenced by both cyclical and structural factors. Although migration helpfully dampens overheating pressures during periods of strong demand, and over the longer term will cushion the decline in labor supply from population aging, in the near-term unemployment can rise, especially among the young and lower-skilled. The analysis highlights the need to adapt Nordic labor market institutions in a manner that better facilitates the integration of migrants into employment. In particular, greater wage flexibility at the firm level and continued strong active labor market measures will help improve labor market outcomes among immigrants.

Labor --- Demography --- Emigration and Immigration --- Labor Economics Policies --- Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts --- Economics of Minorities and Races --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Institutions and the Macroeconomy --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- International Migration --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Demographic Economics: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Migration, immigration & emigration --- Population & demography --- Migration --- Labor markets --- Unemployment rate --- Population and demographics --- Emigration and immigration --- Labor market --- Population --- Sweden --- Income economics