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Understanding the demographic and socioeconomic patterns of the prevalence and incidence of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa is crucial for developing programs and policies to combat HIV/AIDS. This paper looks critically at the methods and analytical challenges to study the links between socioeconomic and demographic status and HIV/AIDS. Some of the misconceptions about the HIV/AIDS epidemic are discussed and unusual empirical evidence from the existing body of work is presented. Several important messages emerge from the results. First, the study of the link between socioeconomic status and HIV faces a range of challenges related to definitions, samples, and empirical methods. Second, given the large gaps in evidence and the changing nature of the epidemic, there is a need to continue to improve the evidence base on the link between demographic and socioeconomic status and the prevalence and incidence of HIV/AIDS. Finally, it is difficult to generalize results across countries. As the results presented here and in other studies based on Demographic and Health Survey datasets show, few consistent and significant patterns of prevalence by socioeconomic and demographic status are evident.

AIDS HIV --- Condom --- Condom use --- Condoms --- Demographers --- Demographic factors --- Disease Control and Prevention --- Epidemic --- Fertility --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- HIV --- HIV infection --- Household surveys --- Human Development --- Multiple partners --- National population --- Policy Research --- Population Policies --- Public Services --- Sexual behavior --- Sexual behaviors --- Socioeconomic status

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Shetland has a history unique in Europe, for over the past two centuries it was a place where women dominated the family, economy, and the cultural imagination. Women ran households and crofts without men. They maintained families and communities because men were absent. And they constructed in their minds an identity of themselves as 'liberated' long before organised feminism was invented. And yet, Shetland is a place which was made by the most masculine of societies - those of the Picts, Scots and above all the Vikings - and its contemporary identity still draws on the heroic exploits and sa

Women --- Sex role --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Social conditions --- History --- Shetland (Scotland) --- Shetland Islands (Scotland) --- Shetland --- Shetland Islands Area (Scotland) --- Zetland (Scotland) --- Gender role --- Sex (Psychology) --- Sex differences (Psychology) --- Social role --- Gender expression --- Sexism --- Gender roles --- Gendered role --- Gendered roles --- Role, Gender --- Role, Gendered --- Role, Sex --- Roles, Gender --- Roles, Gendered --- Roles, Sex --- Sex roles --- British mainland. --- Shetland women. --- culture. --- demographic factors. --- economic factors. --- fishing. --- gender relations. --- historical materiality. --- myth-making. --- power. --- work patterns.

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This paper develops a link between four central components of the demographic transition: survival rates; fertility decisions; altruistic intergenerational transfers from workers toward their parents; and economic growth. An increase in child survival is found to reduce the fertility rate and altruistic transfers, and thereby increase the savings rate and the productivity growth rate. The analysis illustrates the key role of child health in the demographic transition.

Access to Finance --- Child health --- Child survival --- Decline in fertility --- Declines in mortality --- Demographic factors --- Demographic Transition --- Dependency ratios --- Economic Growth --- Economic implications --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Fertility --- Fertility rate --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Health --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Human capital --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Mortality --- Number of children --- Nutrition and Population --- Old age --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population dynamics --- Population Policies --- Private Sector Development --- Progress --- Survival rate

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Cumulating evidence shows that lifestyle factors such as physical (in)activity, stress, poor sleep, unhealthy diet, and smoking are associated with chronic pain severity and sustainment across all age categories. A paradigm shift from a tissue- and disease-based approach towards individually tailored multimodal lifestyle interventions should lead to improved outcomes and decrease the psychological and socioeconomic burden of chronic pain. Such an approach fits well into the global move towards precision pain medicine for patients with chronic pain. For these reasons, this book is dedicated to Lifestyle and Chronic Pain.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- back pain --- neck pain --- associates --- socio-demographic factors --- psychosocial factors --- lifestyle factors --- sleep–wake disorders --- systematic review --- headache --- cervical spine --- motion --- chronic pain --- musculoskeletal pain --- pain --- chronic low back pain --- sleep --- questionnaire --- cross-cultural validation --- patient-reported outcome measure --- postural control --- dizziness --- actigraphy --- sleep quality --- nutrition --- diet quality --- chronic non-cancer pain --- chronic pelvic pain --- endometriosis --- pelvic girdle pain --- pain management --- physical activity/exercise --- (di)stress --- diet --- smoking --- COVID-19 --- persisting symptoms --- fatigue --- nociplastic pain --- functional status --- central sensitisation --- exercise therapy --- shoulder pain --- cancer survivor --- lifestyle --- obesity --- physical activity --- stress --- perceived injustice --- opioid use --- socioeconomic factors --- psychological factors --- cancer survivors --- exercise --- low back pain --- older adults --- protein intake --- KNHANES --- exposure in vivo --- pain-related fear --- rehabilitation --- complex regional pain syndrome --- child --- adolescent --- pediatric --- insomnia --- back pain --- neck pain --- associates --- socio-demographic factors --- psychosocial factors --- lifestyle factors --- sleep–wake disorders --- systematic review --- headache --- cervical spine --- motion --- chronic pain --- musculoskeletal pain --- pain --- chronic low back pain --- sleep --- questionnaire --- cross-cultural validation --- patient-reported outcome measure --- postural control --- dizziness --- actigraphy --- sleep quality --- nutrition --- diet quality --- chronic non-cancer pain --- chronic pelvic pain --- endometriosis --- pelvic girdle pain --- pain management --- physical activity/exercise --- (di)stress --- diet --- smoking --- COVID-19 --- persisting symptoms --- fatigue --- nociplastic pain --- functional status --- central sensitisation --- exercise therapy --- shoulder pain --- cancer survivor --- lifestyle --- obesity --- physical activity --- stress --- perceived injustice --- opioid use --- socioeconomic factors --- psychological factors --- cancer survivors --- exercise --- low back pain --- older adults --- protein intake --- KNHANES --- exposure in vivo --- pain-related fear --- rehabilitation --- complex regional pain syndrome --- child --- adolescent --- pediatric --- insomnia

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Cumulating evidence shows that lifestyle factors such as physical (in)activity, stress, poor sleep, unhealthy diet, and smoking are associated with chronic pain severity and sustainment across all age categories. A paradigm shift from a tissue- and disease-based approach towards individually tailored multimodal lifestyle interventions should lead to improved outcomes and decrease the psychological and socioeconomic burden of chronic pain. Such an approach fits well into the global move towards precision pain medicine for patients with chronic pain. For these reasons, this book is dedicated to Lifestyle and Chronic Pain.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- back pain --- neck pain --- associates --- socio-demographic factors --- psychosocial factors --- lifestyle factors --- sleep–wake disorders --- systematic review --- headache --- cervical spine --- motion --- chronic pain --- musculoskeletal pain --- pain --- chronic low back pain --- sleep --- questionnaire --- cross-cultural validation --- patient-reported outcome measure --- postural control --- dizziness --- actigraphy --- sleep quality --- nutrition --- diet quality --- chronic non-cancer pain --- chronic pelvic pain --- endometriosis --- pelvic girdle pain --- pain management --- physical activity/exercise --- (di)stress --- diet --- smoking --- COVID-19 --- persisting symptoms --- fatigue --- nociplastic pain --- functional status --- central sensitisation --- exercise therapy --- shoulder pain --- cancer survivor --- lifestyle --- obesity --- physical activity --- stress --- perceived injustice --- opioid use --- socioeconomic factors --- psychological factors --- cancer survivors --- exercise --- low back pain --- older adults --- protein intake --- KNHANES --- exposure in vivo --- pain-related fear --- rehabilitation --- complex regional pain syndrome --- child --- adolescent --- pediatric --- insomnia