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Interests in obtaining carbon offsets in host countries for Clean Development Mechanism projects may serve as an obstacle to implementing more stringent general environmental policies in the same countries. A relatively lax environmental policy, whereby carbon emissions remain high, can be advantageous for such countries as it leaves them with a higher than otherwise scope for future emissions reductions through Clean Development Mechanism and other offset projects. In this note, the potential to affect the availability of future Clean Development Mechanism projects is shown to distort environmental and energy policies of Clean Development Mechanism host countries in two ways. Measures to reduce use of fossil energy are weakened. Because this weakens private sector incentives to switch to lower-carbon technology through Clean Development Mechanism projects, host governments then also find it attractive to subsidize this switch, in order to maximize the country's advantage from the Clean Development Mechanism.

Carbon --- Carbon capture --- Carbon content --- Carbon emissions --- Carbon emissions from fossil --- Carbon Offsets --- Climate --- Climate change --- Climate Change Economics --- Climate change mitigation --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Emissions reductions --- Energy --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Fossil fuel --- Fossil fuels --- Fuel consumption --- GHGs --- Global carbon emissions --- Global emissions --- Greenhouse --- Greenhouse gas --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Renewable energy

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Climate change negotiations have failed the world. Despite more than thirty years of high-level, global talks on climate change, we are still seeing carbon emissions rise dramatically. This edited volume, comprising leading and emerging scholars and climate activists from around the world, takes a critical look at what has gone wrong and what is to be done to create more decisive action. Composed of twenty-eight essays, this volume is organised around seven main themes: paradigms; what counts?; extraction; dispatches from a climate change frontline country; governance; finance; and action(s). Through this multifaceted approach, the contributors ask pressing questions about how we conceptualise and respond to the climate crisis, providing both ‘big picture’ perspectives and more focussed case studies. This unique and extensive collection will be of great value to environmental and social scientists alike, as well as to the general reader interested in understanding current views on the climate crisis. This is the author-approved edition of this Open Access title. As with all Open Book publications, this entire book is available to read for free on the publisher’s website. Printed and digital editions, together with supplementary digital material, can also be found at http://www.openbookpublishers.

Environmental Studies --- finance --- governance --- climate change --- extraction --- social sciences --- case studies --- carbon emissions --- climate activism --- climate change frontline country --- climate change negotiation --- climate crisis --- paradigms

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As the world moves on from the climate agreement negotiated in Paris, attention is turning from the identification of emissions reduction trajectories in the form of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to crucial questions about how these emissions reductions are to be delivered and reported within the future international accounting framework. The experience to date shows that, if well designed, emissions trading systems (ETS) can be an effective, credible, and transparent tool for helping to achieve low-cost emissions reductions in ways that mobilize private sector actors, attract investment, and encourage international cooperation. However, to maximize effectiveness, any ETS needs to be designed in a way that is appropriate to its context. This Handbook is intended to help decision makers, policy practitioners, and stakeholders achieve this goal. It explains the rationale for an ETS, and sets out a 10-step process for designing an ETS - each step involves a series of decisions or actions that will shape major features of the policy. In doing so, it draws both on conceptual analysis and on some of the most important practical lessons learned to date from implementing ETSs around the world, including from the European Union, several provinces and cities in China, California and Quebec, the Northeastern United States, Alberta, New Zealand, Kazakhstan, the Republic of Korea, Tokyo, and Saitama.

Carbon Emissions --- Carbon Policy and Trading --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Economics --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Environment --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth

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Diesel gensets contribute to emissions of fine particulate matter (PM), including black carbon, which derives from the incomplete combustion of diesel (as occurs in many diesel generating sets or gensets). Particulate matter is a predisposing factor for respiratory and cardiopulmonary disease leading to increased hospital visits and risk of premature death. Local health costs can have a greater impact in the short-run in densely populated urban centers such as Abuja and Lagos. Black carbon (BC) is the most strongly light-absorbing component of particulate matter and is the second largest warming agent after carbon dioxide. The emerging role of BC as a significant driver of global climate change is increasing attention on its mitigation efforts. In addition to the negative health and the climate effects of emissions, most gensets contribute significantly to noise pollution which further reduces the quality of life of users and non-users alike.

Air Quality & Clean Air --- Carbon Emissions --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Electric Power --- Electricity --- Energy --- Environment --- Oil & Gas

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This paper develops a global model of climate policy, focusing on the choice between tax and cap-and-trade solutions. The analysis assumes that the world can be split into two regions, with two fuels that both lead to carbon emissions. Region A consumes all fuels, and is responsible for defining and implementing climate policy. Region B produces all of fuel 1 (oil), while fuel 2 (interpreted as coal, natural gas, or renewables) is both produced and consumed in region A. The paper studies three model variants. All involve full policy coordination in each country block, but no coordination across blocks; and all involve an optimal producer tax on fuel 1 by region B. In model 1, region A sets two fuel consumption taxes, one for each fuel. The optimal region A tax on fuel 1 then exceeds the Pigou level as defined by the region; the tax set on fuel 2 is Pigouvian. The presence of a second fuel in region A reduces region B's optimal tax on fuel 1. In model 2, region A sets a common carbon tax, which is lower (higher) for fuel 1 (2) than in model 1. In model 3, region A sets a carbon emissions capitolo This enhances region B's strategic position via the trade-off between fuels 1 and 2 in region A, following from the capitolo In realistic cases, this leaves region A strategically weaker under a cap policy than under a tax policy, more so the less carbon-intensive the local fuel (2) is. In conclusion, a fuel-consuming and importing region that determines a climate policy will typically prefer to set a carbon tax, instead of setting a carbon emissions capitolo The main reason is that a tax is more efficient than a cap at extracting rent from fuel (oil) exporters.

Carbon --- Carbon emissions --- Carbon tax --- Carbon taxes --- Climate --- Climate change --- Climate Change Economics --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Coal --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Fossil fuels --- Fuel consumption --- Fuels --- Global carbon emissions --- Greenhouse --- Greenhouse gas --- Greenhouse gases --- Lead --- Less --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural gas --- No --- Total emissions --- Transport --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning