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The ebook edition of this title is Open Access and freely available to read online. Transnational illicit markets have been transformed by the digital revolution. They take advantage of encryption technologies, smartphones, social media applications and cryptocurrencies that protect the digital traces of buyers and sellers, posing new challenges to drug control policies and public health alike. Digital Transformations of Illicit Drug Markets: Reconfiguration and Continuity considers how the digital revolution has changed the selling and buying of illicit substances through increased convenience and anonymisation. Providing a uniquely interdisciplinary perspective, chapters show how the digital transformation of illicit drug markets combines a reconfiguration of how sellers and buyers interact in new markets. Emphasising that illicit digital markets are embedded in societal structures and power relations in general, contributors also recognise the importance of critical perspectives on inequalities between the Global North and South as well as issues of gender. Digital Transformations of Illicit Drug Markets: Reconfiguration and Continuity challenges the field of criminology to recognise the limits of its traditional knowledge and move beyond the preoccupations that restrict crime to certain fixed spaces in order to develop new explanations.
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In the former Soviet Union and throughout Eastern Europe, black-market exchange rates and second-economy prices often are interpreted by policy-makers as indicative of post-reform levels. However, these exchange rates and prices can provide highly-biased signals for policy setting. These biases are especially important when exchange rates fixed on the basis of these signals are expected to play a nominal anchor role during stabilizations. This paper traces the paths and biases in black-market exchange rates, second-economy prices, hoarding stocks. and privately-held dollars balances after policy-initiatives or other changes in the economic environment are implemented. The stimuli studied are official exchange-rate adjustments, price reforms, foreign-aid packages, altered risks of monetary confiscation or currency reforms, and goods-supply related initiatives. We provide the conditions under which announcements of reform lead short-run prices or exchange rates to overshoot or to undershoot their long-run equilibrium levels.
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"Dit onderzoek heeft betrekking op made arbeid, dat wil zeggen op betaalde arbeid waarbij over de beloning geen of onvoldoende belastingen eWof prernies worden betaald. Het gaat om een breed scala van activiteiten van huishoudelijk werk of kinderoppas tot het invullen van belastingfonwlieren of de reparatie van auto's. Zwarte arbeid wordt zowel voor gezhnen als wor bedrijven verricht. Over de omvang van het verschijnsel, in geld of in arbeidsjaren gemeten, zijn verschillende rarningen in omloop." -- page 1.
Black market --- Economics --- Economics.
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Black market --- History --- France
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"Dit onderzoek heeft betrekking op made arbeid, dat wil zeggen op betaalde arbeid waarbij over de beloning geen of onvoldoende belastingen eWof prernies worden betaald. Het gaat om een breed scala van activiteiten van huishoudelijk werk of kinderoppas tot het invullen van belastingfonwlieren of de reparatie van auto's. Zwarte arbeid wordt zowel voor gezhnen als wor bedrijven verricht. Over de omvang van het verschijnsel, in geld of in arbeidsjaren gemeten, zijn verschillende rarningen in omloop." -- page 1.
Black market --- Economics --- Economics.
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Black market in foreign exchange --- Black market --- Foreign exchange --- Money
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Black market --- History --- Marché noir
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