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Soil moisture stress, low soil fertility, prevalence of pests and diseases, weed infestation and traditional cultivation methods are among the most limiting crop production factors in the Tigray region (Ethiopia). This study was initiated (i) to investigate the importance of soil moisture, soil fertility and weed management on barley production, (ii) to calibrate and validate the AquaCrop model for predicting barley production in water, soil fertility and weed stressed conditions and (iii) to assess barley yield gaps in Geba catchment (Tigray region). Field experiments were conducted in Ethiopia for three consecutive years (2008-2010). A factorial experiment in split-strip plot design was set up, where rainfed (RF) and irrigated (FI) treatments were assigned to the main plot. Four hand weeding treatments: (i) non-weeded, (ii) one-time at 21 days after crop emergence (DAE), (iii) two times at 21 and 35 DAE, and (iv) frequent hand weeding were assigned to sub-plots. Fertilizer treatments: 64/21, and 0/0 N/P kg per ha were applied in sub-sub-plots. Another factorial experiment in split-plot design was also performed in Mekelle (2010) with rainfed and irrigated treatments as main plot, and different wild oat (Avena fatua) weed infestation (0, 5, 20 and 50%) as sub-plot treatments. In addition, data sets from Ethiopia (2006 and 2007), Italy (2006, 2007 and 2008), Syria (1982) and Montana (USA, 1977) were used for the calibration and validation of the AquaCrop model in predicting barley yield in water stressed conditions. The AquaCrop model was further calibrated and validated for yield prediction in soil fertility and weed stressed conditions based on the data obtained from field experiments conducted in 2008-2010 in Ethiopia. For the barley yield gap analysis, representative crop fields were selected by stratifying Geba catchment into uniform agro-climatological units. Weeds caused yield losses up to 60% in barley fields. Hand weeding treatment showed statistically (P<0.001) significant effect in reducing weed infestation. However, difference between one time, two times and frequent hand weeding were statistically insignificant (P>0.05). Barley yield and biomass response to fertilizer application (N/P 64/21 kg per ha) was also significant (P<0.001). Grain yield increments up to 124% in Dejen and up to 40% in Maiquiha were achieved with 64/21 N/P kg per ha fertilizer application. The interaction between weeds and fertilizer management for barley was, however, insignificantly different (P>0.05).The AquaCrop model was well calibrated for the conservative crop parameters including water stress factors. Simulated SWC, crop CC, developmental biomass, biomass at harvest and yield were in good agreement with the observed values. The model was also used as a tool to determine sowing strategies. Dry sowing resulted in 50% of germination failure. Sowing at the onset is the recommended strategy. Delaying sowing by more than 10 days resulted in a frequent crop failure in shallow soil. AquaCrop wasalso well calibrated for weed and soil fertility stress affecting crop development and grain production. The model was able to simulate satisfactorily total canopy cover of crop and weeds, crop CC, crop biomass and yield. The model was generally a robust and applicable tool for predicting crop production under various levels of soil water, soil fertility and weed stressed growing conditions in the northern highlands of Ethiopia. Barley yield gap of 0.81 ton per ha in 2009 and 0.67 ton per ha in 2010 was estimated with AquaCrop. In comparison with the attainable barley yield in Ethiopia (5.3 ton per ha), the gap was estimated at 3.4-3.6 ton per ha. These yield gaps are considerable, and it can be narrowed with proper field management strategy with special focus on soil moisture, soil fertility, weed management and utilization of high yielding local or improved barley cultivars.

academic collection --- 633.16 --- <63> --- Barleys. Hordeum sativum --- Ethiopië --- Theses --- <63> Ethiopië --- 633.16 Barleys. Hordeum sativum

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Orge --- Barley --- Hordeum --- Ressource génétique --- genetic resources --- Pool de gènes --- Gene pools --- 633.16 --- 631.526 --- Barleys. Hordeum sativum --- Groups and types of cultivated plants. Genetic resources --- 631.526 Groups and types of cultivated plants. Genetic resources --- 633.16 Barleys. Hordeum sativum

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Hordeum --- Amélioration des plantes --- Plant breeding --- Pool de gènes --- Gene pools --- Zone semi-aride --- Semiarid zones --- Collection botanique --- Plant collections --- Banque de données --- Databases --- Hybridation --- Hybridization --- Variété indigène --- Land varieties --- Europe --- 633.16 --- 631.526 --- Barleys. Hordeum sativum --- Groups and types of cultivated plants. Genetic resources --- Conferences - Meetings --- PRO Proceedings & Abstracts --- proceedings --- Avena --- 631.526 Groups and types of cultivated plants. Genetic resources --- 633.16 Barleys. Hordeum sativum --- Duplication --- Espece sauvage

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Barley --- Diseases and pests. --- Orge --- Maladie des plantes --- Plant diseases --- Agent pathogène --- Pathogens --- Bacteria --- Nématode des plantes --- plant nematodes --- Insecte nuisible --- Pest insects --- Dégât dû au gel --- Frost damage --- Grêle --- Hail --- Polluant --- pollutants --- Hordeum --- Épidémiologie --- Epidemiology --- Virus --- viruses --- Facteur nuisible --- injurious factors --- Trouble du métabolisme --- Metabolic disorders --- Symptome --- symptoms --- diagnosis --- Identification --- identification --- 633.16 --- 632 --- -#KVIV:BB --- Hordeum sativum --- Hordeum vulgare --- Nepal barley --- Barleys. Hordeum sativum --- Plant damage, injuries. Plant diseases. Pests, organisms injurious to plants. Plant protection --- Diseases and pests --- 632 Plant damage, injuries. Plant diseases. Pests, organisms injurious to plants. Plant protection --- 633.16 Barleys. Hordeum sativum --- #KVIV:BB --- viruses. --- identification. --- Barley - Diseases and pests.

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551.586 --- <450> --- <460> --- <495> --- 633.11 --- 633.16 --- 633.15 --- 633.18 --- 633.63 --- 633.854.78 --- 635.655 --- 633.853.492 --- 633.491 --- 633.71 --- 633.51 --- 634.63 --- 634.8 --- 633.51 Cotton and similar fibres --- Cotton and similar fibres --- 633.71 Tobaccos. Nicotiana --- Tobaccos. Nicotiana --- 633.491 Potato. Solanum tuberosum --- Potato. Solanum tuberosum --- 633.853.492 Rapeseed. Brassica napus --- Rapeseed. Brassica napus --- 635.655 Soya bean (soy bean). Glycine --- Soya bean (soy bean). Glycine --- 633.854.78 Sunflowers. Helianthus annuus --- Sunflowers. Helianthus annuus --- 633.63 Sugar beet. Beta vulgaris --- Sugar beet. Beta vulgaris --- 633.18 Rices. Oryza --- Rices. Oryza --- 633.15 Maizes. Indian corns. Zea mays. Sweet corn --- Maizes. Indian corns. Zea mays. Sweet corn --- 633.16 Barleys. Hordeum sativum --- Barleys. Hordeum sativum --- 633.11 Wheats. Triticum --- Wheats. Triticum --- 551.586 Biometeorology. Bioclimatology. Agroclimatoloy --- Biometeorology. Bioclimatology. Agroclimatoloy --- 634.8 Viticulture. Grape vines. Vineyards --- Viticulture. Grape vines. Vineyards --- 634.63 Olive. Olea europaea --- Olive. Olea europaea --- Italië. Italiaanse republiek --- Spain --- Griekenland --- Triticum durum --- Orge --- Barley --- Maïs --- Zea mays --- Hordeum vulgare --- Beta vulgaris --- Betterave sucrière --- Sugarbeet --- Pomme de terre --- Olives --- Vigne --- grapevines --- Triticum aestivum --- Blé --- Wheats --- Climatology --- Meteorology --- maize --- Rice --- Oryza sativa --- Helianthus annuus --- Soja --- Soybeans --- Potatoes --- Tobacco --- Cotton --- Mediterranean zone --- Italy --- Greece --- Soybeans.