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Rather than being an isolated, primitive body of knowledge the Jewish calendar tradition of 364 days constituted an integral part of the astronomical science of the ancient world. This tradition—attested in the Dead Sea Scrolls and in the Pseudepigrapha—stands out as a coherent, novel synthesis, representing the Jewish authors’ apocalyptic worldview. The calendar is studied here both “from within”—analyzing its textual manifestations —and “from without”—via a comparison with ancient Mesopotamian astronomy. This analysis reveals that the calendrical realm constituted a significant case of inter-cultural borrowing, pertinent to similar such cases in ancient literature. Special attention is given to the “Book of Astronomy” (1 Enoch 72-82) and a variety of calendrical and liturgical texts from Qumran.

Calendar, Jewish --- Jewish astronomy. --- Apocryphal books (Old Testament) --- 229*319 --- 229*209 --- 229*209 I Henoch (Ethiopische Henoch) --- I Henoch (Ethiopische Henoch) --- 229*319 Qumran en het jodendom --- Qumran en het jodendom --- Astronomy, Jewish --- Hebrew astronomy --- Astronomy --- Calendar, Hebrew --- Hebrew calendar --- Calendar --- Jewish chronology --- History. --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- History and criticism --- Dead Sea scrolls. --- Ethiopic book of Enoch --- Book of Enoch, Ethiopic --- Enoch, Ethiopic Book of --- Book of the Ethiopic Enoch --- Äthiopischer Henoch --- Buch Henoch --- Bible. --- 1 Enoch (Apocryphal book) --- First Enoch (Apocryphal book) --- 1st Enoch (Apocryphal book) --- Jerusalem scrolls --- ʻAin Fashka scrolls --- Jericho scrolls --- Scrolls, Dead Sea --- Qumrân scrolls --- Rękopisy z Qumran --- Shikai bunsho --- Megilot Midbar Yehudah --- Dodezee-rollen --- Kumránské rukopisy --- Documentos de Qumrán --- Textos de Qumrán --- Rollos del Mar Muerto --- Manuscritos del Mar Muerto --- Manuscrits de la mer Morte --- Dödahavsrullarna --- Kumranin kirjoitukset --- Kuolleenmeren kirjoitukset --- Qumranhandskrifterna --- Qumranin kirjoitukset --- Qumran Caves scrolls --- Jewish calendar --- Calendrier juif --- Astronomie juive --- Apocryphes (Ancient Testament) --- History --- Histoire --- Critique, interprétation, etc --- Jewish astronomy --- Criticism, interpretation, etc