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The United Nations Environmental Programme published in 2019 that 39 % of the energy-related carbon dioxide comes from the construction sector. Thereby, the regulation of the energy performance of the buildings becomes stricter, which leads to new technologies of construction components, like today's vacuum insulated glazing.

The knowledge and publications of vacuum insulated glazing are limited, and few multi-criteria comparisons are given. Therefore, this thesis compares vacuum insulated glazing in today’s and tomorrow’s production to triple glazing, following three criteria: energy performance, carbon emission, and cost. The glazings considered are produced by AGC Glass Europe. The analysis of variations in energy use is carried out with the help of a building energy model on EnergyPlus with DesignBuilder of the case study ‘t Centrum in Westerlo. The energy model’s robustness is proven with calibration, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses.
Further, the carbon emission is calculated based on the environmental product declaration and the energy emissions. Meanwhile, the cost is analysed using different energy cost scenarios and the carbon tax scenarios discussed in Belgium in 2017. The work is dedicated, first, to the architects and individuals involved in the construction industry in order to foster more responsible choices, second, to the AGC Glass and, third, to any individual wanting to understand the new glazing technology.

A total energy load reduction of 1.12% is found for the vacuum insulated glazing in tomorrow’s production. Yet, the vacuum insulated glazing of today leads to the lowest cooling load and the least overheating hours. The energy load is discovered to represent 96% of the carbon emission, leading the vacuum insulated glazing of tomorrow to be the less polluting in a building’s life cycle with a total of 550,867 kg eq. CO2. Meanwhile, the glazing by itself has the highest carbon emission. Vacuum insulated glazing of today has the lowest carbon footprint, offering a 36% reduction thanks to the reuse of the material. The carbon tax represents 54-87%, the energy cost 5-38%, and the glazing 2.3 – 29.46% of the total cost depending on the interest and taxation scenario. Still, triple glazing is the cheapest during its life cycle with a total cost of €8,714,212.

In conclusion, the vacuum insulated glazing of tomorrow's production is the most carbon and energy-efficient choice, while triple glazing is the most cost-efficient. However, glazing must be chosen on the basis of the importance of each criterion for the end-user. Le programme environnemental des Nations Unies a montré en 2019 que 39 % du dioxyde de carbone lié aux énergies proviennent du secteur de la construction, ce qui rend les réglementations des performances énergétiques des bâtiments plus strictes. Ainsi, de nouvelles technologies apparaissent dans ce domaine, par exemple le vitrage sous vide, notamment celui produit par AGC Glass Europe.

Or, la connaissance sur ces vitrages est limitée. Par conséquent, cette thèse compare le vitrage sous vide en production d’aujourd’hui et de demain au triple vitrage. Ainsi, le travail est premièrement dédié aux architectes, au producteur AGC Glass, aux autres acteurs de la construction, mais aussi toute personne voulant comprendre cette nouvelle technologie. Les critères de comparaison sont la performance énergétique, l’émission de carbone et le coût. L’analyse de la variation des performances énergiques est faite à l’aide d’un modèle énergétique Energyplus avec DesignBuilder pour le cas d’étude 't Centrum à Westerlo. Une calibration ainsi que des études de sensibilité et d’incertitude sont effectuées pour renforcer ce modèle. De plus, le calcul des émissions de carbone est établi sur les déclarations environnementales des produits et sur les émissions énergétiques. Par ailleurs, le coût est analysé en utilisant différents scenarios de coût d’énergie et de potentielle tarification de carbone.

Il est démontré que le vitrage sous vide de demain induit une réduction de la charge énergétique totale de 1.12%. Le vitrage sous vide d’aujourd’hui possède lui une charge de refroidissement plus petite et provoque moins d’heures de surchauffe. Puisque l’énergie représente 96% de l’émission de carbone, le vitrage sous vide de demain est le moins polluant avec un total de 550,867 kg eq. CO2. L’empreinte carbone la plus basse est toutefois celle du vitrage sous vide d’aujourd'hui seul, qui offre une réduction de 36% grâce à ses capacités de recyclage. En termes de coût total, 54 à 87% sont dédiés à la taxation carbone, 5 à 38% au coût d’énergie et 2.3 à 29.46% au vitrage selon les scénarios étudiés. Néanmoins, le triple vitrage demeure le plus économique durant sa durée de vie avec un coût total de €8,714,212.
Pour conclure, le vitrage sous vide de demain constitue le meilleur choix en termes d’efficacité énergétique et d’empreinte carbone, mais reste onéreux. Ainsi, le vitrage doit être choisi selon l’importance donnée à chaque critère par l’utilisateur d’après les conclusions de ce travail.

Cost --- Energyplus --- DesignBuilder --- Belgium --- AGC Glass --- Advanced insulation glazing --- Building energy model --- Life cycle assessment --- Coût --- Belgique --- cycle de vie --- model énergétique de batiment --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Architecture

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Cet ouvrage retrace l'histoire du projet et de la construction du nouveau siège européen à Louvain-la-Neuve. AGC Glass Building est, en 2013, l'un des plus grands immeubles de bureaux à énergie quasi nulle de Belgique et obtint au cours de la phase de projet le certificat BREAAM " excellent ". Le présent ouvrage d'architecture se veut avant tout un ouvrage technique et scientifique de référence. L'ensemble des croquis de projets, des dessins techniques, des photos de chantier et la série de photos de la photographe bruxelloise Marie-Françoise Plissart illustrent tous les aspects essentiels à la réalisation d'un immeuble de bureaux durable. Philippe Samyn, architecte et ingénieur, designer principal avec Bernard Van Damme et Ghislain André, a collaboré avec Jan De Coninck, ingénieur et architecte, pour la réalisation de ce livre.

Architecture and energy conservation --- Office buildings --- Architecture durable --- Constructions --- Immeubles de bureaux --- Économies d'énergie --- Conception et construction --- Samyn, Philippe, --- Samyn et Associés --- Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium) --- Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgique) --- Buildings, structures, etc. --- AGC Glass Building --- Energieneutrale gebouwen --- Ingenieurswetenschappen en architectuur 2013 Ph. Samyn --- Samyn, Philippe °1948 (°Gent, België) --- De Coninck, Jan --- Duurzame architectuur 21ste eeuw --- Bedrijfsgebouwen hoofdvestigingen Louvain-la-Neuve AGC Glass Building --- Bureaugebouwen (architectuur) --- Kantoorgebouwen (architectuur) --- Bedrijfsgebouwen --- Bouwmaterialen glas, vensterglas, spiegelglas --- Architectuurgeschiedenis 2000 - 2050 België --- Architecture et économies d'énergie --- Samyn et Associés --- Architecture et économies d'énergie --- Samyn, Philippe --- Louvain-la-Neuve --- 725.23 --- 725.2 --- 72.07 --- 691.6 --- 72.039(493) --- Ingenieurswetenschappen en architectuur ; 2013 ; Ph. Samyn --- Belgische architecten --- Plissart, Marie-Françoise --- Duurzame architectuur ; 21ste eeuw --- Glasarchitectuur --- Bedrijfsgebouwen ; hoofdvestigingen ; Louvain-la-Neuve ; AGC Glass Building --- Architecten. Stedenbouwkundigen A - Z --- Bouwmaterialen ; glas, vensterglas, spiegelglas --- Architectuurgeschiedenis ; 2000 - 2050 ; België --- Construction passive --- Architecture sur pilotis --- Architecture de verre --- Bâtiment de bureaux --- Performance énergétique --- Immeuble de bureaux --- Louvain-la-neuve --- Glass construction --- Belgium --- Designs and plans --- Architecture [Modern ] --- 21st century --- PXL-Tech 2014 --- bouwkunde --- duurzaam bouwen --- energie-neutraal --- opleiding bouw --- Constructions. --- Samyn, Philippe °1948 (°Gent, België) --- Plissart, Marie-Françoise --- Architectuurgeschiedenis ; 2000 - 2050 ; België --- Économies d'énergie

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This Special Issue “Power System Simulation, Control and Optimization” offers valuable insights into the most recent research developments in these topics. The analysis, operation, and control of power systems are increasingly complex tasks that require advanced simulation models to analyze and control the effects of transformations concerning electricity grids today: Massive integration of renewable energies, progressive implementation of electric vehicles, development of intelligent networks, and progressive evolution of the applications of artificial intelligence.

Technology: general issues --- subhourly modeling --- stochastic unit commitment --- cosimulation method --- sensitivity analysis --- power system dynamic performance --- cooling system --- dynamic programming --- metal-air battery --- receding horizon control --- state variables --- uninterruptible power supply --- power flow computation --- high performance computing (HPC) --- parallelism --- parallel computation --- LU decomposition --- security-constrained optimal power flow --- chance-constrained optimization --- probability of contingency --- renewable energy source --- flexible AC transmission systems --- tabu search --- multi-objective --- power systems --- impartial and open dispatching --- economy --- Gini coefficient --- generation scheduling --- mixed integer quadratic programming --- flexible loads --- market clearing --- safety checking --- interior point method --- electric safety --- induction motor --- fan --- overcurrent protection --- aggregation --- ancillary services --- distributed energy resources --- optimization --- power system operation --- automatic generation control (AGC) --- frequency control --- dynamic deadband --- energy management system (EMS) --- governor response --- voltage collapse --- voltage control --- transformer controller --- adaptive algorithm --- voltage regulation --- distribution system --- power distribution network --- distributed generation --- OLTC --- solar radiation modeling --- GIS --- interpolation --- digital elevation model --- data mining --- ANFIS --- multistrand cable lines --- ampacity --- skin and proximity effects --- symmetry

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This Special Issue “Power System Simulation, Control and Optimization” offers valuable insights into the most recent research developments in these topics. The analysis, operation, and control of power systems are increasingly complex tasks that require advanced simulation models to analyze and control the effects of transformations concerning electricity grids today: Massive integration of renewable energies, progressive implementation of electric vehicles, development of intelligent networks, and progressive evolution of the applications of artificial intelligence.

subhourly modeling --- stochastic unit commitment --- cosimulation method --- sensitivity analysis --- power system dynamic performance --- cooling system --- dynamic programming --- metal-air battery --- receding horizon control --- state variables --- uninterruptible power supply --- power flow computation --- high performance computing (HPC) --- parallelism --- parallel computation --- LU decomposition --- security-constrained optimal power flow --- chance-constrained optimization --- probability of contingency --- renewable energy source --- flexible AC transmission systems --- tabu search --- multi-objective --- power systems --- impartial and open dispatching --- economy --- Gini coefficient --- generation scheduling --- mixed integer quadratic programming --- flexible loads --- market clearing --- safety checking --- interior point method --- electric safety --- induction motor --- fan --- overcurrent protection --- aggregation --- ancillary services --- distributed energy resources --- optimization --- power system operation --- automatic generation control (AGC) --- frequency control --- dynamic deadband --- energy management system (EMS) --- governor response --- voltage collapse --- voltage control --- transformer controller --- adaptive algorithm --- voltage regulation --- distribution system --- power distribution network --- distributed generation --- OLTC --- solar radiation modeling --- GIS --- interpolation --- digital elevation model --- data mining --- ANFIS --- multistrand cable lines --- ampacity --- skin and proximity effects --- symmetry

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This Special Issue (SI), entitled "Applications of Remote Sensing Data in Mapping of Forest Growing Stock and Biomass”, resulted from 13 peer-reviewed papers dedicated to Forestry and Biomass mapping, characterization and accounting. The papers' authors presented improvements in Remote Sensing processing techniques on satellite images, drone-acquired images and LiDAR images, both aerial and terrestrial. Regarding the images’ classification models, all authors presented supervised methods, such as Random Forest, complemented by GIS routines and biophysical variables measured on the field, which were properly georeferenced. The achieved results enable the statement that remote imagery could be successfully used as a data source for regression analysis and formulation and, in this way, used in forestry actions such as canopy structure analysis and mapping, or to estimate biomass. This collection of papers, presented in the form of a book, brings together 13 articles covering various forest issues and issues in forest biomass calculation, constituting an important work manual for those who use mixed GIS and RS techniques.

Research & information: general --- Geography --- AGB estimation and mapping --- mangroves --- UAV LiDAR --- WorldView-2 --- terrestrial laser scanning --- above-ground biomass --- nondestructive method --- DBH --- bark roughness --- Landsat dataset --- forest AGC estimation --- random forest --- spatiotemporal evolution --- aboveground biomass --- variable selection --- forest type --- machine learning --- subtropical forests --- Landsat 8 OLI --- seasonal images --- stepwise regression --- map quality --- subtropical forest --- urban vegetation --- biomass estimation --- Sentinel-2A --- Xuzhou --- forest biomass estimation --- forest inventory data --- multisource remote sensing --- biomass density --- ecosystem services --- trade-off --- synergy --- multiple ES interactions --- valley basin --- norway spruce --- LiDAR --- allometric equation --- individual tree detection --- tree height --- diameter at breast height --- GEOMON --- ALOS-2 L band SAR --- Sentinel-1 C band SAR --- Sentinel-2 MSI --- ALOS DSM --- stand volume --- support vector machine for regression --- ordinary kriging --- forest succession --- leaf area index --- plant area index --- machine learning algorithms --- forest growing stock volume --- SPOT6 imagery --- Pinus massoniana plantations --- sentinel 2 --- landsat --- remote sensing --- GIS --- shrubs biomass --- bioenergy --- vegetation indices --- AGB estimation and mapping --- mangroves --- UAV LiDAR --- WorldView-2 --- terrestrial laser scanning --- above-ground biomass --- nondestructive method --- DBH --- bark roughness --- Landsat dataset --- forest AGC estimation --- random forest --- spatiotemporal evolution --- aboveground biomass --- variable selection --- forest type --- machine learning --- subtropical forests --- Landsat 8 OLI --- seasonal images --- stepwise regression --- map quality --- subtropical forest --- urban vegetation --- biomass estimation --- Sentinel-2A --- Xuzhou --- forest biomass estimation --- forest inventory data --- multisource remote sensing --- biomass density --- ecosystem services --- trade-off --- synergy --- multiple ES interactions --- valley basin --- norway spruce --- LiDAR --- allometric equation --- individual tree detection --- tree height --- diameter at breast height --- GEOMON --- ALOS-2 L band SAR --- Sentinel-1 C band SAR --- Sentinel-2 MSI --- ALOS DSM --- stand volume --- support vector machine for regression --- ordinary kriging --- forest succession --- leaf area index --- plant area index --- machine learning algorithms --- forest growing stock volume --- SPOT6 imagery --- Pinus massoniana plantations --- sentinel 2 --- landsat --- remote sensing --- GIS --- shrubs biomass --- bioenergy --- vegetation indices