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In 1885, Germany and Portugal became neighbours in Africa. The newly founded colony of German Southwest Africa prevented the southwards expansion of the ancient colony of Angola. The border along the Cunene and Kavango Rivers remained under dispute. After the outbreak of World War I in Europe, Portugal’s neutrality was questioned in German Southwest Africa, and when a group of German officials waiting near the border of Angola for food transports were shot in the Angolan fortress Naulila, a state of war between both colonies seemed inevitable. German troops launched several military reprisals against fortresses in southern Angola, most significantly against Naulila in December 1914. After their victory at Naulila, the Germans retreated to GSWA. However, African powers, most notably Kwanyama forces led by King Mandume, used the weakness of the defeated Portuguese army to expel the colonial troops from southern Angola. In 1915, a counter-offensive was launched with troops from Portugal that ended with the complete occupation of Kwanyama territories. After the war, a Luso-German arbitration procedure according to the Treaty of Versailles (1919) assessed the damages in Angola and Germany’s responsibility to pay reparations. The arbitration award of 1928 that established Germany’s responsibility for the violation of international law when attacking Naulila became a landmark case. It still holds relevance for modern international law. The final part of this book analyses the memorial culture that developed in Angola, Namibia, Germany and Portugal around the war in 1914/15.

Angola --- World War I --- arbitration --- colonialism --- international law --- memorial culture --- International law --- Arbitration (International law) --- World War, 1914-1918 --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- Law --- Arbitration, International --- International arbitration --- International political arbitration --- Pacific settlement of international disputes --- International commissions of inquiry --- Jurisdiction (International law) --- Mediation, International --- History --- Campaigns --- Portugal --- Claims vs. Germany. --- Portugalii︠a︡ --- República Portuguesa --- Portugalia --- Portogalia --- Portogallo --- Portugali --- Sefarad --- Lusitania (Portugal) --- Portuguese Republic --- البرتغال --- al-Burtughāl --- برتغال --- Burtughāl --- الجمهورية البرتغالية --- al-Jumhūrīyah al-Burtughālīyah --- جمهورية البرتغالية --- Jumhūrīyah al-Burtughālīyah --- 葡萄牙 --- Putaoya --- 葡萄牙共和国 --- Putaoya Gongheguo --- Portugalsko --- Portugalská republika --- République portugaise --- Portugiesische Republik --- Portugál Köztársaság --- Repubblica Portoghese --- ポルトガル共和国 --- Porutogaru Kyōwakoku --- 포르투갈 --- P'orŭt'ugal --- 포르투갈공화국 --- P'orŭt'ugal Konghwaguk --- پرتغال --- Purtughāl --- جمهوري پرتغال --- Jumhūrī-i Purtughāl --- Republika Portugalska --- Португалия --- Португальская Республика --- Portugalʹskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Portekiz --- Portekiz Cumhuriyeti --- Republica Portugheză --- ポルトガル --- Porutogaru --- פורטוגל

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For a long time now it has been common understanding that Africa played only a marginal role in the First World War. Its reduced theatre of operations appeared irrelevant to the strategic balance of the major powers. This volume is a contribution to the growing body of historical literature that explores the global and social history of the First World War. It questions the supposedly marginal role of Africa during the Great War with a special focus on Northeast Africa. In fact, between 1911 and 1924 a series of influential political and social upheavals took place in the vast expanse between Tripoli and Addis Ababa. The First World War was to profoundly change the local balance of power. This volume consists of fifteen chapters divided into three sections. The essays examine the social, political and operational course of the war and assess its consequences in a region straddling Africa and the Middle East. The relationship between local events and global processes is explored, together with the regional protagonists and their agency. Contrary to the myth still prevailing, the First World War did have both immediate and long-term effects on the region. This book highlights some of the significant aspects associated with it.

History --- Éthiopie --- Première Guerre mondiale --- Soudan --- Somaliland --- Zaghlûl --- Wafd Révolution égyptienne de 1919 --- nationalisme --- 1919 Revolution --- Egypt --- First World War --- nationalism --- Sudan --- Wafd