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The traditional flow of goods from primary production through to manufacturing and consumption has expanded across international borders conterminously with globalization. Vertical specialization (VS) in processing and manufacturing in China has driven export growth. In particular, intra-industry and intra-product trade between China, the US and East Asia has increased China's trade surplus over the long term. Vertical Specialization and Trade Surplus in China aims to measure the level of VS in the Chinese manufacturing industry to provide a more accurate representation of China's trade surplu

China -- Commerce. --- Industrial procurement. --- Vertical integration -- United States. --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- Local Commerce --- International trade. --- Balance of trade --- Offshore assembly industry --- Investments, Foreign --- Intermediate goods --- China --- Commerce. --- Intermediate products --- Semi-finished products --- Assembly industry, Offshore --- Export assembly industry --- In-bond industry --- Maquila plants --- Maquiladora industry --- Maquiladoras --- Maquilas --- Offshore manufacturing --- Outsourcing (International trade) --- Overseas assembly industry --- Twin plant industry --- Deficits, Trade --- Trade, Balance of --- Trade balance --- Trade deficits --- Trade surpluses --- Surpluses, Trade --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Manufactures --- Export processing zones --- International trade --- Balance of payments --- Mercantile system --- Payment --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- E-books

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Literature, from the Chinese perspective, makes manifest the cosmic patterns that shape and complete the world—a process of “worlding” that is much more than mere representation. In that spirit, A New Literary History of Modern China looks beyond state-sanctioned works and official narratives to reveal China as it has seldom been seen before, through a rich spectrum of writings covering Chinese literature from the late-seventeenth century to the present. Featuring over 140 Chinese and non-Chinese contributors from throughout the world, this landmark volume explores unconventional forms as well as traditional genres—pop song lyrics and presidential speeches, political treatises and prison-house jottings, to name just a few. Major figures such as Lu Xun, Shen Congwen, Eileen Chang, and Mo Yan appear in a new light, while lesser-known works illuminate turning points in recent history with unexpected clarity and force. Many essays emphasize Chinese authors’ influence on foreign writers as well as China’s receptivity to outside literary influences. Contemporary works that engage with ethnic minorities and environmental issues take their place in the critical discussion, alongside writers who embraced Chinese traditions and others who resisted. Writers’ assessments of the popularity of translated foreign-language classics and avant-garde subjects refute the notion of China as an insular and inward-looking culture. A vibrant collection of contrasting voices and points of view, A New Literary History of Modern China is essential reading for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of China’s literary and cultural legacy.

Chinese literature --- Literature and society --- Literature --- Literature and sociology --- Society and literature --- Sociology and literature --- Sociolinguistics --- History and criticism. --- History. --- Social aspects

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Internal politics --- China

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