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"Immunization against disease is among the most successful global health efforts of the modern era, and substantial gains in vaccination coverage rates have been achieved worldwide. However, that progress has stagnated in recent years, leaving an estimated 20 million children worldwide either undervaccinated or completely unvaccinated. The determinants of vaccination uptake are complex, mutable, and context specific. A primary driver is vaccine hesitancy - defined as a "delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services". The majority of vaccine-hesitant people fall somewhere on a spectrum from vaccine acceptance to vaccine denial. Vaccine uptake is also hampered by socioeconomic or structural barriers to access. On August 17-20, 2020, the Forum on Microbial Threats at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 4-day virtual workshop titled The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy. The workshop focused on two main areas (vaccine access and vaccine confidence) and gave particular consideration to health systems, research opportunities, communication strategies, and policies that could be considered to address access, perception, attitudes, and behaviors toward vaccination. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop." --

Vaccines --- Health services accessibility --- Vaccine hesitancy --- Public health --- COVID-19 (Disease) --- COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020 --- -Vaccins --- Services de santé --- Santé publique --- COVID-19 --- Pandémie de COVID-19, 2020 --- -Vaccine hesitancy. --- Health services accessibility. --- Public health. --- Social aspects. --- Social aspects --- Vaccination --- Aspect social --- Accessibilité --- Vaccination.

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Antifungal use in plant agriculture is a widespread practice necessary to safeguard food safety and security. While the impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global health concern, knowledge gaps exist surrounding antifungal resistance, the connection to plant agriculture, and its implications for human health. The National Academies Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a workshop series in June 2022 exploring the role of plant agricultural practices in AMR development and implications for human health, with a focus on plant crop production. Sessions explored the magnitude of environmentally induced/selected antifungal resistance connected to plant agriculture, agricultural practices that may contribute to AMR in human pathogens, and strategies for surveillance and mitigation.This Proceedings document summarizes workshop discussions.

Agricultural microbiology. --- Drug development.

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To take stock of lessons learned from COVID-19 around the world and in the United States, the Forum on Microbial Threats held two virtual workshops during 2021. The first workshop focused on what it means to frame the response to COVID-19 through a "syndemic" approach, and what the implications would be for global recovery. The second workshop focused more broadly on key lessons and emerging data from ongoing pandemic response efforts that can be incorporated into current health systems to improve resilience and preparedness for future outbreaks.This workshop explored the long-term effects of COVID-19 on health equity, including considerations for mental health and social determinants of health. It also addressed uncertainties during a pandemic, such as trust, communication, and engagement and explored approaches to systematize recovery efforts to improve the ongoing responses and prepare for the next pandemic. Experts discussed possibilities for a post-pandemic world and a response strategy for stakeholders that ensures sustained community partnerships and prioritization of health equity. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the presentations and discussions from the second workshop.

Public Health --- Communicable Diseases --- Medical