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This paper estimates the welfare change arising from the capture of the Republic of Yemen's capital in 2014, using a multi-themed household survey conducted as the capital was captured. Despite the little violence in this setting, the increase in fragility resulted in a large decline in household welfare driven by both a decline in income and an increase in food prices. Beyond traditional welfare metrics, women were affected by the fragility more so than men, where there was a nearly universal drop in women's decision-making ability that did not differ based on a woman's bargaining position in the household. Furthermore, this decline in decision making was immediate, and did not continue to worsen in the months towards the end of the period when household welfare dropped the most. Lastly, the tumultuous setting had implications for individuals' ability to report their subjective welfare in accordance with their unambiguous decline in traditional welfare metrics.

Armed Conflict --- Conflict --- Conflict and Development --- Crime and Society --- Food Prices --- Fragility --- Inequality --- Labor Markets --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Price Shock --- Social Development --- Social Protections and Labor --- Welfare Impact

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Produce trade --- Food supply. --- Food security --- Health status indicators --- Poor --- Food security --- Agricultural productivity --- Hunger --- Urban health. --- Law and legislation --- Measurement. --- Measurement. --- Nutrition --- Measurement. --- Social aspects. --- Social aspects. --- Prevention. --- United States.

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The Republic of Yemen has undergone a profound transformation following the escalation of conflict in March 2015. There has been an increase in violence, a disruption in supply chains due to a tightening of the ports, and a decline in the general economic climate that has left a large share of the population without the income to support their basic needs. These transformations have resulted in widespread food insecurity, where nearly half the population is under the threat of a potential famine. Although the violence has undeniably had a significant impact on the population and local outcomes, the temporal and regional distribution of poor food access suggest that food insecurity of the mobile phone-using population has been primarily driven by factors aside from the localized effects of violence alone. The lack of a strong relationship between violence and poor welfare outcomes contrasts with evidence from other conflict settings, and further contrasts with the rationale underpinning much of the humanitarian and development assistance currently being delivered in the country.

Agriculture --- Conflict --- Famine --- Food Aid --- Food Security --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Humanitarian Assistance --- Nutrition --- Poverty Reduction

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Food security --- Food consumption --- Household surveys --- Measurement. --- Social aspects

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Measurement of food access typically relies on a consensus of different indicators. However, there is a growing list of surveys in which the Food Insecurity Experience Scale is one of the few food access indicators captured, likely because it is an official measure for tracking progress toward the Sustainable Development Goal of zero hunger. This paper uses a nationally representative, multipurpose household survey conducted in Nigeria to investigate the validity of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. It compares the Food Insecurity Experience Scale to monetary poverty and a widely used food access metric that has been more extensively validated, the Food Consumption Score. Although it is possible for food access metrics to be poorly aligned and capture different dimensions of poor food access, empirically supported assumptions in standard consumption models result in many dimensions of poor food access being concentrated among the poorest segments of the population. However, the paper demonstrates that the Food Insecurity Experience Scale does not appear to correctly identify the population with poor food access-it finds little difference in the share with poor food access among poor and nonpoor Nigerians. Moreover, even the very richest and very poorest households have a similar prevalence of poor food access, according to the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. These patterns are in stark contrast to the Food Consumption Score, which suggests that food access is significantly lower for poorer Nigerians. Combined, the results demonstrate the importance of measuring food access with more than one indicator, and they call into question the notion of using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale alone, despite the measure being a key Sustainable Development Goal food security indicator.

Food security. --- Food supply.