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Public administration --- Openbaar bestuur --- Pouvoir judiciaire --- Indépendance judiciaire --- Politique et pouvoir judiciaire --- Séparation des pouvoirs --- Acte de gouvernement
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A model reflecting the monetary approach to the balance of payments was developed in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the 1950s. Its purpose was to integrate monetary, income, and balance of payments analysis, and it became the basis of the conditionality applied to IMF credits. Extremely simple, with primary focus on the balance of payments effects of credit creation by the banking system, the model has retained its usefulness for policy purposes over time, as it was adapted to changes in member countries’ priorities and in the international monetary system, in particular the disappearance of the par value system.
Foreign Exchange --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models --- Multiple Variables: General --- Monetary Policy --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Monetary economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Credit --- Monetary base --- Exchange rates --- Domestic credit --- Currencies --- Money --- Money supply --- Sri Lanka
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This paper emphasizes the distinction between two ‘monetary approaches to the balance of payments’, one developed in the IMF, the other under the leadership of Harry Johnson in Chicago. The IMF approach is presented as an evolutionary development of the Kahn/Keynes multiplier model in an open economy. Johnson’s approach is anti-Keynesian and self-proclaimed revolutionary. It posits the ‘essentially monetary character’ of the balance of payments. The IMF model tests satisfactorily as an explanation of income and imports over time. The long-run equilibrium approach of the Chicago model precludes statistical testing, and its short-run tests prove statistically meaningless.
Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Demand for Money --- Trade: General --- Monetary economics --- International economics --- Personal income --- Monetary base --- Credit --- Demand for money --- Imports --- National accounts --- Money --- International trade --- Income --- Money supply --- United Kingdom
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Microeconomics --- Transport. Traffic --- 656 --- Transport and postal services. Traffic organization and control --- 656 Transport and postal services. Traffic organization and control --- 656 Transport en postdiensten. Verkeersorganisatie en controle --- Transport en postdiensten. Verkeersorganisatie en controle
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Law --- Journalism --- #A9306A
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