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This book studies Hume’s scepticism and its roots, context, and role in the philosopher’s life. It relates how Hume wrote his philosophy in a time of tumult, as the millennia-old metaphysical tradition that placed humans and their cognitive abilities in an ontological framework collapsed and gave way to one that placed the autonomy of the individual in its center. It then discusses the birth of modernity that Descartes inaugurated and Kant completed with his Copernican revolution that moved philosophy from Being to the Self. It shows how modernity gave rise to a new kind of scepticism, involving doubt not just about the adequacy of our knowledge but about the very existence of a world independent of the self. The book then examines how Hume faced the sceptical implications and how his empiricism added yet another sceptical theme with the main question being how argument can legitimize key concepts of human understanding instinctively used in making sense of our perceptions. Placing it firmly in a historical context, the book shows how Hume was influenced by Pyrrhonian scepticism and how this becomes clear in Hume’s acceptance of the weakness of reason and in his emphasis on the practical role of philosophy. As the book argues, rather than serving as the foundation of science, in Hume’s hand, philosophy became a guide to a joyful, happy life, to a documentary of common life and to moderately educated, entertaining conversation. This way Hume stands in strong opposition to the (early) modern mainstream.

Philosophy --- Philosophy of science --- History of philosophy --- filosofie --- geschiedenis --- wetenschapsfilosofie

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Of all philosophers of the 20th century, few built more bridges between academic disciplines than Karl Popper. He contributed to a wide variety of fields in addition to the epistemology and the theory of scientific method for which he is best known. This book illustrates and evaluates the impact, both substantive and methodological, that Popper has had in the natural and mathematical sciences. The topics selected include quantum mechanics, evolutionary biology, cosmology, mathematical logic, statistics, and cognitive science. The approach is multidisciplinary, opening a dialogue across scientific disciplines and between scientists and philosophers.

Psychology --- Philosophy of science --- Logic --- Cosmology --- wetenschapsfilosofie --- persoonlijkheidsleer --- logica --- kosmologie

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In September 2007, more than 100 philosophers came to Prague with the determination to approach Karl Popper’s philosophy as a source of inspiration in many areas of our intellectual endeavor. This volume is a result of that effort. Topics cover Popper’s views on rationality, scientific methodology, the evolution of knowledge and democracy; and since Popper’s philosophy has always had a strong interdisciplinary influence, part of the volume discusses the impact of his ideas in such areas as education, economics, psychology, biology, or ethics. The concept of falsification, the problem of demarcation, the ban on induction, or the role of the empirical basis, along with the provocative parallels between historicism, holism and totalitarianism, have always caused controversies. The aim of this volume is not to smooth them but show them as a challenge. In this time when the traditional role of reason in the Western thought is being undermined, Popper’s non-foundationist model of reason brings the Enlightenment message into a new perspective. Popper believed that the open society was vulnerable, due precisely to its tolerance of otherness. This is a matter of great urgency in the modern world, as cultures based on different values gain prominence. The processes related to the extending of the EU, or the increasing economic globalization also raise questions about openness and democracy. The volume’s aim is to show the vitality of critical rationalism in addressing and responding to the problems of this time and this world.

Democracy. --- Ethics. --- Popper, Karl R. (Karl Raimund), 1902-1994. --- Philosophy --- Philosophy & Religion --- Philosophy, Modern --- Popper, Karl R. --- Poper, Karl, --- Popper, Karl, --- Popŭr, Karl, --- Popper, K. R. --- Popper, Karl Raimund, --- Pʻopʻŏ, Kʻa, --- Pabo, Kaer, --- Popā, Kāru R., --- Popper, Karl Raimund --- Popper, K.R. --- Philosophy. --- Epistemology. --- Logic. --- Modern philosophy. --- Philosophy and science. --- Philosophy and social sciences. --- Modern Philosophy. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Philosophy of the Social Sciences. --- Philosophy, modern. --- Science --- Social sciences --- Genetic epistemology. --- Deontology --- Ethics, Primitive --- Ethology --- Moral philosophy --- Morality --- Morals --- Philosophy, Moral --- Science, Moral --- Values --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Psychology --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Social philosophy --- Social theory --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Modern philosophy --- Methodology --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Social sciences and philosophy --- Science and philosophy

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Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy of science --- Logic --- General ethics --- Social sciences (general) --- psychosociale wetenschappen --- sociologie --- ethiek --- epistomologie --- kennisleer --- logica