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Ludwig Wittgenstein's 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus' is one of the most important books of the twentieth century. It influenced philosophers and artists alike and it continues to fascinate readers today. It offers rigorous arguments but clothes them in enigmatic pronouncements. Wittgenstein himself said that his book is 'strictly philosophical and simultaneously literary, and yet there is no blathering in it'. This introduction, first published in 2005, considers both the philosophical and the literary aspects of the 'Tractatus' and shows how they are related. It also shows how the work fits into Wittgenstein's philosophical development and the tradition of analytic philosophy, arguing strongly for the vigour and significance of that tradition.

Wittgenstein, Ludwig J.J. --- Language and logic --- Wittgenstein, Ludwig, --- Wittgenstein, Ludwig --- Linguistics and logic --- Logic in language --- Language and languages --- Logic --- Semantics --- Philosophy --- Language and logic. --- Arts and Humanities --- Wittgenstein, Ludwig, - 1889-1951. - Tractatus logico-philosophicus

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The contributions of Kantian thought to modern mathematics, mathematical logic, and the foundations of mathematics are now widely acknowledged by scholars. As the essays in this volume show, the general development of modern scientific thought--including the physical sciences, the life sciences, and mathematics--can be viewed as an evolution from Kant through Poincaré to Einstein and the logical positivists and beyond. Focusing on nineteenth-century science, the essays--by historians of philosophy, science, and mathematics--trace the multiple intellectual transformations that have led from Kant's original scientific situation to the scientific problems of the twentieth century.The book examines Kant's influence on five strands of nineteenth-century scientific thought: Naturphilosophie and the effect of German Romanticism (especially Goethe) on biology; Fries's philosophy of science; Helmholtz's rejection of Naturphilosophie and Romanticism; neo-Kantianism and its return to "methodological" concerns in natural science and academic philosophy; and Poincaré and his reflections on scientific epistemology. The essays give a nuanced picture of Kant's legacy to nineteenth-century thinkers and of the rich interaction between philosophical ideas and discoveries in the natural and mathematical sciences during this period. They point to the ways that the scientific developments of the nineteenth century link Kant's thought to the science of the twentieth century.

Philosophy and science --- Science --- Science and philosophy --- History --- Philosophy --- Kant, Immanuel, --- Kant, Emmanuel --- Kant, Emanuel --- Kant, Emanuele --- Kant, Immanuel --- Kant, I. --- Kānt, ʻAmmānūʼīl, --- Kant, Immanouel, --- Kant, Immanuil, --- Kʻantʻŭ, --- Kant, --- Kant, Emmanuel, --- Ḳanṭ, ʻImanuʼel, --- Kant, E., --- Kant, Emanuel, --- Cantơ, I., --- Kant, Emanuele, --- Kant, Im. --- קאנט --- קאנט, א. --- קאנט, עמנואל --- קאנט, עמנואל, --- קאנט, ע. --- קנט --- קנט, עמנואל --- קנט, עמנואל, --- كانت ، ايمانوئل --- كنت، إمانويل، --- カントイマニユエル, --- Kangde, --- 康德, --- Kanṭ, Īmānwīl, --- كانط، إيمانويل --- Kant, Manuel, --- Science - Philosophy - History - 19th century --- Philosophy and science - History - 19th century --- Kant, Immanuel, - 1724-1804

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Creative ability --- Technological innovations --- Study and teaching --- Creativeness --- Creativity --- Ability --- Creation (Literary, artistic, etc.)

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The book addresses the challenge of living in a multilingual world from three perspectives: socio-linguistics and the study of multilingualism in contrast, philosophy of technology with its emphasis on the world as a technosphere—how it is made, how it is experienced, and how it can be managed, and then pedagogy and the question of teaching and learning to competently negotiate multilingual environments. In today‘s multicultural and multilingual world, technologies provide a common ground. The story of the technosphere as a multilingual environment offers new perspective, namely that of learning to cooperate and coordinate.

Engineering—Data processing. --- Computers and civilization. --- Computational intelligence. --- Data Engineering. --- Computers and Society. --- Computational Intelligence. --- Intelligence, Computational --- Artificial intelligence --- Soft computing --- Civilization and computers --- Civilization --- Sublanguage. --- Technology and civilization. --- Multilingualism. --- Language and languages --- Civilization and machinery --- Civilization and technology --- Machinery and civilization --- Social history --- Technology --- Language for special purposes --- Restricted language --- Special language --- Discourse analysis --- Semantics --- Register (Linguistics) --- Philosophy --- Variation