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Social stratification --- Social problems --- Developing countries --- Eastern and Central Europe --- Poverty. --- Poor. --- Disadvantaged, Economically --- Economically disadvantaged --- Impoverished people --- Low-income people --- Pauperism --- Poor --- Poor, The --- Poor people --- Persons --- Social classes --- Poverty --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Subsistence economy --- Economic conditions --- 364.22 armoede --- 305 --- 330.564 --- 330.59 --- 364.22 --- 364.22 Armoede. Financiele problemen. Financiele nood --- Armoede. Financiele problemen. Financiele nood --- 330.59 Levensstandaard. Sociale indicatoren --- Levensstandaard. Sociale indicatoren --- 330.564 Verdeling van nationaal inkomen. Inkomensverdeling --- Verdeling van nationaal inkomen. Inkomensverdeling --- 305 Genderstudies. Rol van de sekse. Gender. Personen vanuit interdisciplinair gezichtspunt --- Genderstudies. Rol van de sekse. Gender. Personen vanuit interdisciplinair gezichtspunt

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Zonder onderwerpscode

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Sociology of environment --- Community organization --- Social policy --- Development aid. Development cooperation --- World Bank --- Developing countries

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Water supply. Water treatment. Water pollution --- Developing countries --- Developing countries: agricultural and food problems

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August 1999 - Whatever their nature, interventions to reduce poverty should be designed not only to have an immediate impact on poverty, but also to foster a rich network of cross-cutting ties within society and between society's formal and informal institutions. Using the lens of social capital - especially bridging or cross-cutting ties that cut across social groups and between social groups and government - provides new insights into policy design. Solidarity within social groups creates ties (bonding social capital) that bring people and resources together. In unequal societies, ties that cut across groups (bridging social capital) are essential for social cohesion and for poverty reduction. The nature of interaction between state and society is characterized as complementarity and substitution. When states are functional, the informal and formal work well together - for example, government support for community-based development. When states become dysfunctional, the informal institutions become a substitute and are reduced to serving a defensive or survival function. To move toward economic and social well-being, states must support inclusive development. Investments in the organizational capacity of the poor are critical. Interventions are also required to foster bridging ties across social groups - ethnic, religious, caste, or racial groups. Such interventions can stem from the state, private sector, or civil society and include: Changes in rules to include groups previously excluded from formal systems of finance, education, and governance, at all levels; Political pluralism and citizenship rights; Fairness before the law for all social groups; Availability of public spaces that bring social groups together; Infrastructure that eases communication; Education, media, and public information policies that reinforce norms and values of tolerance and diversity. This paper - a product of the Poverty Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network - is part of a larger effort in the network to understand the role of social capital. The author may be contacted at dnarayan@worldbank.org.

Civil Society --- Civil Society Organizations --- Community --- Community Development and Empowerment --- Corruption --- Disability --- Economic Development --- Education --- Education and Society --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Full Participation --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Development --- Income --- Indicators --- Institutions --- National Governance --- Participation --- Policy Implications --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Service --- Service Delivery --- Social Activities --- Social Capital --- Social Cohesion --- Social Development --- Social Groups --- Social Inclusion and Institutions --- Social Justice --- Social Protections and Labor