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Female-to-male employment in Senegal increased by 14 percentage points between 2006 and 2011. During the same period years of education of the working age population increased 27 percent for females and 13 percent for males, reducing gender gaps in education. In this paper, we quantitatively investigate the impact of this increase in education on female employment in Senegal. To that end, we build an overlapping generations model that captures barriers that women face over their life-cycle. Our main findings are: (i) the improvement in years of education can explain up to 44 percent of the observed increased in female-to-male employment ratio and (ii) the rest can be explained by a decline in the discrimination against women in the labor market.

Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Fiscal Policy --- Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Household --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Time Allocation and Labor Supply --- Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income and Wealth: Africa --- Oceania --- Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Education: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Education --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Women --- Gender diversity --- Labor markets --- Gender --- Sex role --- Labor market --- Labor economics --- Senegal --- Income economics --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies

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We present the current status of labor market gender gaps in The Gambia and examine the macroeconomic and distributional gains from closing the gaps. We also study the impacts of high costs of living and the determinants of poverty. Closing labor market gender gaps, would significantly boost GDP, government revenues, women’s earnings, and reduce income inequality. High food costs adversely affect the levels of consumption in the bottom four quartiles of the income distribution. Lack of access to finance, living in rural areas, lack of employment, low levels of education, and exposure to climate shocks contribute to higher poverty levels.

Agriculture: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis --- Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis --- Consumption --- Deflation --- Economics of Gender --- Economics --- Education --- Education: General --- Gender diversity --- Gender inequality --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender --- Inflation --- International agencies --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Economics --- International institutions --- International organization --- International Organizations --- Macroeconomics --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Measurement and Analysis of Poverty --- Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Monetary economics --- Monetary Policy --- Monetary policy --- Money and Monetary Policy --- National accounts --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Price Level --- Prices --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Saving --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Wealth --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- Gambia, The

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Despite the increase in female labor force participation over the past three decades, women still do not have the same opportunities as men to participate in economic activities in most countries. The average female labor force participation rate across countries is still 20 percentage points lower than the male rate, and gender gaps in wages and access to education persist. As shown by earlier work, including by the IMF, greater gender equality boosts economic growth and leads to better development and social outcomes. Gender equality is also one of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that 193 countries committed to achieve by 2030.

Gender Studies --- Economics of Minorities and Races --- Labor --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Women's Studies' --- Economics of Gender --- Education --- Education: General --- Gender diversity --- Gender inequality --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender --- Income economics --- Labor force participation --- Labor market --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Labour --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- United States

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Despite strong economic growth since 2000, many low-income countries (LICs) still face numerous macroeconomic challenges, even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the deceleration in real GDP growth during the 2008 global financial crisis, LICs on average saw 4.5 percent of real GDP growth during 2000 to 2014, making progress in economic convergence toward higher-income countries. However, the commodity price collapse in 2014–15 hit many commodity-exporting LICs and highlighted their vulnerabilities due to the limited extent of economic diversification. Furthermore, LICs are currently facing a crisis like no other—COVID-19, which requires careful policymaking to save lives and livelihoods in LICs, informed by policy debate and thoughtful research tailored to the COVID-19 situation. There are also other challenges beyond COVID-19, such as climate change, high levels of public debt burdens, and persistent structural issues.

Developing countries --- Monetary policy --- Income distribution --- Macroeconomics --- Economic conditions --- Research. --- Uganda --- Public Finance --- Gender Studies --- Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics: General --- Monetary Policy --- National Budget, Deficit, and Debt: General --- Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Fiscal Policy --- Public finance & taxation --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Low income countries --- Debt --- Investment policies --- Income inequality --- Economic growth --- Gender inequality --- Public investment spending --- Fiscal policy --- Income --- Expenditure --- National accounts --- Gender --- Public investments --- Economic development --- Sex discrimination